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1.

Examining the Impact of Green Marketing Strategy on Customer Value in the Egyptian OTC Pharmaceutical Market Ola Alaa El-Dien Ahmed Mohamed El-Badawy, Dr. Wael Kortam American Journal of Environmental Protection. 2024 12 (4). doi: 10.12691/env-12-4-3 Keywords: Green Marketing (GM), Customer Value, Sustainability, Green Marketing Strategy, Eco-friendly products, Green Price, Sustainable Development , Green Promotion, Green Advertising, OTC Egyptian Pharmaceutical Market Context: Purpose: This research investigates the impact of green marketing strategies on customer value in the Egyptian OTC pharmaceutical market. It examines the relationships between green marketing dimensions (awareness, impact, perceived benefits, and availability) and customer value components (financial, perceived quality, and psychological value). The study employs a quantitative research methodology, utilizing a structured questionnaire to collect data from a sample of consumers in Egypt. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is employed to analyse the data and test the proposed hypotheses. The findings reveal a significant positive impact of green marketing strategies on customer value. Moreover, the study explores the moderating effects of demographic factors (gender, income level, and education level) on these relationships. The implications of these findings for practitioners and policymakers are discussed, along with suggestions for future research. Research methodology: The study employs a quantitative research design, which is suitable for examining relationships between variables and testing hypotheses. This design allows for the collection of numerical data that can be statistically analysed. specifically, a cross-sectional survey design. This design allows for the collection of data at a specific point in time, enabling the examination of the relationships between green marketing strategies and customer value in the Egyptian OTC pharmaceutical market. Main Findings: The study's findings provide a clear answer to the research questions and demonstrate a positive relationship between green marketing strategy (green marketing awareness, green marketing impact, green marketing perceived benefits, and green marketing availability) and customer value (financial value “value of money”, perceived quality, and psychological value) for OTC products in the Egyptian pharmaceutical market through three moderating variables (gender, income level, and education level). Implications: Based on the findings of this research, the following implications for practitioners in the Egyptian OTC pharmaceutical industry can be drawn: Prioritize Green Marketing: Pharmaceutical companies should prioritize green marketing strategies as a key driver of customer value. Enhance Green Marketing Awareness: Invest in effective communication channels to increase consumer awareness of green initiatives and their benefits. Highlight Environmental Impact: Clearly communicate the environmental impact of green products and practices. Focus on Perceived Benefits: Emphasize the specific benefits that consumers can derive from using green products. Ensure Product Availability: Ensure that green products are readily available to customers through a well-established distribution network. Tailor Strategies to Demographics: Consider the specific needs and preferences of different demographic segments when implementing green marketing strategies. Limitations and Future Work: The study had limitations that were beyond the researcher's control and could have influenced the results (Gelman & Hill, 2006; Gelman & Loken, 2014). Questionnaire research instruments were distributed electronically to individuals representing themselves as leaders, and it is possible that survey recipients forwarded the survey to non-qualified respondents. The survey included sections for respondents to confirm their qualifications, which helped to mitigate the limitation. Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)

2.

Challenges of Symbiotic Relationship of Global Warming, National Interest Ideology of Nation States and the Project of a Low Carbon Society: An African Perspective Dokun Oyeshola, Ms Adaora Osondu Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences. 2014 2 (1). doi: 10.12691/aees-2-1-2 Keywords: global warming, climate change, national interest ideology, Sustainable Development , low carbon society, rule of law, human rights, human development Context: The memory is fresh and the grief due to the devastating impact of climate change on humanity during the past decade is still raw in the psychic of international community. Specifically, on December 26, 2004 tsunami swept through Asia. In Indonesia it killed over 130,000 people while at least 37,000 went missing and about 500,000 people were made homeless. Sri Lanka lost more than 31,000 lives while 100,000 homes were damaged along with crops and fishing boats and more than 400,000 people lost their jobs. It is this dynamic, overwhelming, destructive capacity associated with climate change as manifested in hurricanes, tsunamis, quakes and floods that makes it a special and different security problem. Any delay in addressing the problem of climate change promptly and radically too may mean that the planet earth may soon be irrevocably damaged and prevented from carrying out its sustaining role for humanity. This has challenged the global community, NGOs and concerned individuals to call for a low carbon society and organize conferences and formulate treaties and environment policies, and laws. All these are carried out within the context of national interest ideology. Consequently, climate change is still a serious challenge to human security. Why has global warming/climate change not been checkmated before now despite the huge world’s resources inclusive of its technology? It is this challenge that this paper is interrogating in the face of the global environmental goal of a low carbon society and environmental wholeness from an African perspective. Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)

3.

Carbon Sequestration Potential of Hills (Studied) Around Pune City, Pune Shinde Vijayalaxmi R, Mahajan D.M. Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences. 2021 9 (4). doi: 10.12691/aees-9-4-4 Keywords: carbon sinks, carbon pool, carbon footprint, GHG, Soil Organic Carbon, above ground and below ground biomass, GPS, Sustainable Development Context: Pune is situated in close proximity (50kms) on the biodiversity of Sahyadri Hills also known as the Western Ghats. As per the land use distribution of Pune city, the total area covered under hills and hill slopes is 1245 ha i.e., 5.10% of the total land. The Hills environment in the city is subjected to intense pressure due to all types of developmental projects and encroachment. The mounting concrete structures due to these developments have resulted in the loss of green covers on the hills covering parts of Western Ghats which are a resultant of the increasing climate change. We have sampled 10 hills namely ARAI. Baner, Bhopdev Ghat, Chaturshringi, Fergusson College, Kothrud hill, Sutarwadi. University, Vetal- Parvati for biomass, a total of 124 quadrates of size 15 m X 15 m were plotted. Each and every tree in the quadrate is sampled along with GPS and random soil samples were collected for soil carbon analysis. Soil samples were taken from soil profile up to 30 cm depth. Walkley-Black Wet Oxidation method was applied for measuring soil organic carbon. Total amount of above and belowground carbon sequestered was estimated and the values are extrapolated which comes to the value of1336886568 tonnes; litter and deadwood 17509.44 tonnes, and soil organic carbon 792001603.46 tonnes; and the sum of all were 212,89,05,681 tonnes. The rates of carbon in active markets are US$ 30 (Thirty dollars) per tonne. Putting a conservative value of US$ 30 per tonne of CO2 locked in these sampled gardens, this carbon sink of about 212,89,05,681 tonnes of CO2 is worth of US $ 63,867,170,430 or Indian Rs. 4,701,901,087,056.6 /- It will help in mitigating the total carbon emissions and reducing the carbon footprints of the Pune city and thereby decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)

4.

Silica Nanoparticles for Water Purification and Monitoring in Point-of-Use Water Supply Systems Hesham Mohamed Abdal-Salam Yehia, Said Mahmoud Said American Journal of Water Resources. 2023 11 (3). doi: 10.12691/ajwr-11-3-2 Keywords: POU systems, Silica nanoparticles, Water Purification, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Context: Public health is facing significant challenges due to the increasing pollution of global water sources, which makes the rapid detection and treatment of a wide range of contaminants difficult. This issue is particularly critical in rural areas where centralized water treatment systems and pipe infrastructure are not always feasible. Point-of-use (POU) water supply systems represent a cost-effective and energy-efficient solution to store, treat, and monitor the quality of water. However, currently available POU systems have limited success in dealing with the emerging portfolio of contaminants, especially those present at trace concentrations. Additionally, the site-to-site variation in contaminant species and concentrations requires versatile POU systems capable of detecting and treating contaminants and providing on-demand clean water. Silica nanoparticles offer one of the potential solutions for developing rapid and sensitive water purification processes and sensors due to their strong activity and selectivity toward chemical substrates. Recently, many enzyme-nanomaterial composites have been developed that enhance enzyme stability and activity and expand their functionality. This development facilitates the application of Silica nanoparticles in advanced POU systems. Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)

5.

Transformative Learning in the Discipline of Nursing Ruta Renigere American Journal of Educational Research. 2014 2 (12). doi: 10.12691/education-2-12-12 Keywords: transformative learning, education for Sustainable Development , ecological paradigm Context: Transformative education in nursing is a manifestation of the complementarity of nursing and the ecology of education with an aim to base learning and learning outcomes – knowledge, skills and competences in the ecological paradigm. The author of the research has approbated the principles of the ecology of education in the curricula and study courses of several medical colleges, as well as in the curricula of informal education. A student survey was performed to clarify how participants of different nursing study programs understand the concept of ecology and transformative education, and its connection with education and health care. Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)

6.

Achieving Sustainable Poverty Reduction and Rural Development in Nigeria through Local Economic Development Strategies Iwala Oladapo Sam American Journal of Rural Development. 2014 2 (1). doi: 10.12691/ajrd-2-1-3 Keywords: poverty reduction, rural development, local economic development, Sustainable Development Context: All around the world, local governments, the private sector and even the civil society are exploring better ways to achieve poverty reduction and rural development through local economic development strategies, the corner stone of sustainable national development. This is sequel to the fact that local governments, particularly in Nigeria face increased challenges of poor qualitative leadership, financial indiscipline, almost absolute reliance on allocation from the federated account / low internally generated revenues, pervasive poverty, income inequality, long-term ethnic conflict and civil unrest, political instability and corruption among others. Meanwhile, massive transformations are taking place in the global economy resulting from trade liberalization, privatization and enhanced telecommunications. The significance of this paradox to Nigeria is that citizens and local governments now face formidable challenges, greater opportunity and growing responsibility to work together to address the dehumanizing socio-economic conditions of their local citizens, most of whom are under employed or out rightly unemployed and living in absolute poverty. This paper postulates local economic development strategies, a participating process in which local people from all sectors work together to help create decent jobs and improve the quality of life for everyone, including the poor and marginalized as the most potent tool for achieving sustainable poverty reduction and rural transformation in Nigeria. Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)

7.

Climate Change Readiness in Arab Universities: Policy Paths for the Future of Climate Action Mohamed Ramadan A. Rezk, Leonardo Piccinetti, Donatella Santoro, Nahed Salem, Trevor Uyi Omoruyi, Mohammed Mahgoub Hassan, Alaa A. El-Bary Journal of Business and Management Sciences. 2025 13 (5). doi: 10.12691/jbms-13-5-2 Keywords: Climate change, Arab universities, PEST analysis, Sustainable Development Context: Climate change is a growing global crisis with far-reaching implications for environmental, economic, social, and public health stability. The Arab region, comprising 22 countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), faces unique challenges due to its arid climate, limited freshwater resources, and reliance on climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture and energy. Rising temperatures, intensified heatwaves, and increasing water scarcity have already begun to disrupt ecosystems, exacerbate food insecurity, and challenge the region’s socio-economic development. Given the region’s projected population growth and the expected decline in agricultural productivity, it is crucial to identify sustainable pathways to address these interconnected crises. Universities, as key institutions of knowledge, research, and societal engagement, hold significant potential in tackling climate change and driving adaptation and mitigation strategies. This paper examines how Arab universities can contribute more effectively to climate action, focusing on their roles in research, curriculum development, sustainable campus operations, and community outreach. Through a combination of PEST (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological) analysis, expert surveys, and Policy Pathways Mapping, the study assesses the factors influencing the ability of Arab universities to engage in climate change initiatives. It identifies key barriers, including inadequate funding, fragmented research efforts, and weak policy integration, as well as opportunities for improving institutional responses to climate challenges. The paper proposes strategic policy pathways that emphasize the importance of regional collaboration, sustainable financing, and the integration of climate change into educational frameworks. It further outlines actionable recommendations for enhancing universities' roles in climate change mitigation and adaptation, such as fostering interdisciplinary research, expanding climate literacy, adopting green campus practices, and strengthening community engagement. By implementing these policy pathways, Arab universities can become critical drivers of change in the region’s climate response efforts, advancing both national and global climate goals. The paper concludes with a call for a comprehensive, coordinated approach to align higher education institutions with climate action frameworks and policies, ensuring that universities fulfill their potential as leaders in climate resilience and sustainability. Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)

8.

Energy Efficiency with Undesirable Output at the Economy-Wide Level: Cross Country Comparison in OECD Sample Nevzat Simsek American Journal of Energy Research. 2014 2 (1). doi: 10.12691/ajer-2-1-2 Keywords: energy efficiency, environmental efficiency, Bad Output model, DEA, climate change, Sustainable Development Context: Measuring the environmental efficiency of countries is important in the climate change process. The aim of this paper is to measure the energy efficiency of OECD countries with undesirable output. For this purpose, the Bad Output index (non-radial and non-oriented, CRS) developed by Tone (2001) is used in order to obtain the efficiency scores for the period 1995-2009. In this paper, I focus on the production process where labour, capital stock (mostly omitted in such papers), and energy consumption are inputs, GDP is a desirable output and CO2 emission is an undesirable output. To see the energy inefficiencies separately, if there are any, energy input is considered as three separate variables in the model. For this purpose, oil and natural gas consumption are incorporated as one input. Hydropower and nuclear are incorporated as another input. Coal is the third input. An important contribution of this paper is to use various proxy variables for the capital stock. Determining the reasons of these inefficiencies is important for these countries. But modelling the factors behind these inefficiencies is the subject of another paper. Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)

9.

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Tons Watershed in Uttarakhand Himalaya Chandra Prakash Kala Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences. 2015 3 (1). doi: 10.12691/aees-3-1-4 Keywords: medicinal and aromatic plants, tons watershed; traditional uses, documentation, threatened species, Sustainable Development Context: The rich plant diversity of Uttarakhand hills has provided an initial advantage to the local people for scrutinizing various plant species for the purpose of food, medicine, perfumes and spices. Over the years, they have accumulated a great deal of knowledge on the use of plant species. The present study aims to document such information, especially the use of plants for curing diseases and as perfumes. Field surveys carried out in the villages of Tons watershed have resulted in the documentation of 84 medicinal, aromatic and spice plant species. These species were distributed over various life forms, of which 19 were tree species, 12 were shrub and 53 were herbaceous species. For curing various ailments, the use of aboveground plant parts was relatively higher (57%) than the belowground plant parts. Different belowground plant forms such as root, tuber, rhizome and bulb were used for preparing herbal medicine for curing ailments. About 17% of these species, which include Picrorhiza kurrooa Benth, Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo, Arnebia benthamii (D. Don) Johnston, Podophyllum hexandrum Royle, Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All., Rheum australe D. Don and Angelica glauca Edgew. have become threatened due to several natural and anthropogenic pressures. Sustainable utilization of these valuable plant species is an urgent need of hour. Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)

10.

The Effect of a Natural Physical Field of Nano Silica on Preserving Food Safety, and Security Hesham Mohamed Abdal-Salam Yehia, Said Mahmoud Said American Journal of Food and Nutrition. 2023 11 (2). doi: 10.12691/ajfn-11-2-4 Keywords: Food safety, Silica nanoparticles, Food security, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Context: Nano silica is a type of nanomaterial that is composed of very small particles of silicon dioxide. Due to their small size, nano silica particles have unique properties that make them potentially useful in a variety of applications, including food preservation. When used in food, nano silica can act as an anti-caking agent, a carrier for flavors and nutrients, and a coating or packaging material to prevent spoilage. This study explores the potential of nano silica, a type of nanomaterial, to preserve food safety and security. The method involves the preparation of nano silica particles from a reliable commercial source and the characterization of these particles using techniques e.g., scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Nano silica has been shown to inhibit the growth of microorganisms and have antioxidant properties that can extend the shelf life of food. This study confirms that nano silica can help to preserve food safety and security by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms that can cause foodborne illness. Nano silica particles can penetrate the cell walls of microorganisms, disrupting their cellular processes. In addition, nano silica has been found to have antioxidant properties that can help to prevent the oxidation of fats and oils in food. This can help to extend the shelf life of foods that are prone to spoilage due to lipid oxidation, such as nuts, seeds, and oils. Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)