Figure 10. A view of the pipe duke (with red lines), due to the splitting of the orthogonal KLNM into two pieces for the cases that the last: (a) had no pre-existed visible cracks and (b) had a vissible elliptic crack

From

Does Temperature Effects the Growth of Cracks in a Submarine Volcano That is under a Hot-spot?

M. Tsili, D. Zacharopoulos

American Journal of Mechanical Engineering. 2017, 5(2), 58-63 doi:10.12691/ajme-5-2-4