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1.

Experiment to Prove the Existence of the Advanced Wave and Experiment to Prove the Wrong Definition of Magnetic Field in Maxwell’s Theory Shuang-ren Zhao International Journal of Physics. 2023 11 (2). doi: 10.12691/ijp-11-2-3 Keywords: advanced wave, advanced potential , Maxwell, Poynting, magnetic field, electromagnetic field, absorber theory, transactional interpretation, energy conservation law, mutual energy flow, antenna, transformer Context: ...ower supply. According to the mutual energy theorem, the load will absorb energy from the power supply through advanced waves or advanced potential s, and the change in power supply should occur before the load changes. Therefore, it is possible to send the signal to the... Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)

2.

Calculate the Energy Flow of Transformers, Antenna Systems, and Photons by Redefining the Radiated Electromagnetic Field of Plane-sheet Current Shuang-ren Zhao International Journal of Physics. 2023 11 (3). doi: 10.12691/ijp-11-3-3 Keywords: Maxwell equation, reciprocity theorem, conservation of energy, Poynting theorem, energy flow, transformer, primary coil, secondary coil, transmitting antenna, receiving antenna, retarded wave, retarded potential, advanced wave, advanced potential , absorber, radiator, emitter, photons, quantum, electromagnetic wave, electromagnetic field, transactional interpretation Context: The author found that many important unsolved problems in today’s physics are actually caused by the unreasonable definition of radiated electromagnetic field in classical electromagnetic fields. For example, the wave particle duality problem and many different interpretations of quantum mechanics. The definition of radiated electromagnetic field in classical electromagnetic field theory has deviated from the original definition of quasi static electromagnetic field. This deviation leads to the failure of all energy theorems, including Poynting theorem and mutual energy flow theorem. The solution of Maxwell’s equation cannot be fully satisfied. Either the boundary conditions cannot be satisfied, or the formula of electromagnetic field calculated by vector potential cannot be satisfied. The author chooses the electromagnetic field of plane sheet current as an example to study this problem. The author redefines the electromagnetic field in electromagnetic radiation, so that the newly defined radiated electromagnetic field is a more reasonable seamless generalization of quasi-static electromagnetic field. Two plane-sheet currents can form a transformer, so this method can also study the energy flow from the primary coil to the secondary coil of the transformer. When there is a certain distance between the secondary coil and the primary coil, the primary coil becomes a transmitting antenna and the secondary coil becomes a receiving antenna. Therefore, this method is also suitable for the study of antenna systems. As we all know, the energy of photons is emitted from the light source and absorbed by the light sink. The light source is equivalent to the transmitting antenna, and the light sink is equivalent to the receiving antenna. Therefore, the method introduced in this paper is also suitable for the photonic system including one light source and one light sink. According to the new definition of radiated electromagnetic field in this paper, the mutual energy flow is generated at the source of the electromagnetic wave, then propagates to the sink of the electromagnetic wave and is absorbed at the sink. This can explain the fact that photons are generated at the light source and annihilated at the light sink. This paper supports the author’s view that the energy flow of photons is mutual energy flow. Mutual energy flow is the common product of retarded wave and advanced wave. The author supports that the advanced wave is a real and objective existence. The examples given in this paper show that the interpretation of mutual energy flow proposed by the author can be regarded as an improved transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics proposed by Cramer. Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)

3.

Energy Conservation Law and Energy Flow Theorem for Transformer, Antenna and Photon Shuang-ren Zhao International Journal of Physics. 2023 11 (2). doi: 10.12691/ijp-11-2-1 Keywords: reciprocity theorem, conservation of energy, Poynting theorem, energy flow, transformer, primary coil, secondary coil, transmitting antenna, receiving antenna, retarded wave, retarded potential, advanced wave, advanced potential , absorber, emitter, photons, quantum, electromagnetic wave, electromagnetic field, electromagnetics Context: The author proposed mutual energy theorem in 1987. Similar formula has been proposed as reciprocity theorem by Welch in 1960. Considering the different positioning of the same formula, the author has studied this theorem in recent years and found that it is not only an energy theorem, but also an energy conservation law in electromagnetics. The author also puts forward the principle of mutual energy and the theorem of mutual energy flow. The mutual energy flow theorem further makes the that formula a localized law of conservation of energy. Considering that the mutual energy flow has the properties of photons, the author has used the mutual energy flow to interpret photon and quantum and solve the problem of wave particle duality. This paper verifies that this theorem is indeed the law of energy conservation through a transformer environment. Then it is further extended from transformer to antenna system. The author believes that when the secondary coil of the transformer is moved to a place far away from the primary coil, the primary coil becomes the transmitting antenna and the secondary coil becomes the receiving antenna. Such antenna systems and transformer systems meet the same law of energy conservation. Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)

4.

The Contradictions in Poynting Theorem and Classical Electromagnetic Field Theory Shuang-ren Zhao International Journal of Physics. 2022 10 (5). doi: 10.12691/ijp-10-5-1 Keywords: Maxwell equation, reciprocity theorem, conservation of energy, Poynting theorem, energy flow, transformer, primary coil, secondary coil, transmitting antenna, receiving antenna, retarded wave, retarded potential, advanced wave, advanced potential , absorber, emitter, photons, quantum, electromagnetic wave, electromagnetic field, electromagnetics Context: When studying the energy principle of N current elements, the author found that the Poynting’s theorem of N current elements is very similar to the principle of mutual energy, except that the subscript of the summation symbol is different. Because the mutual energy principle of N current elements and Poynting’s law of N current elements are all energy conservation laws, the author considers that they should be the same. Due to this consideration, the author found that the self-energy flow should not transfer energy. Self-energy flow is the energy flow corresponding to the Poynting vector of a current element, but this energy flow is not zero for any antenna. The author believes that this is a loophole in classical electromagnetic theory. The author’s previous solution was to add a time-reversal wave to Maxwell’s theory. This paper studies this problem through the electromagnetic field of plane-sheet current. It is found that the magnetic field calculated by Maxwell’s equations is still the magnetic field generated by the current itself, but the electric field calculated by Maxwell’s equation is actually the advanced wave generated by the environment of the current. Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)

5.

Calculate the Energy Flow of Transformers, Antenna Systems, and Photons Through a New Interpretation of the Classical Electromagnetic Fields Shuang-ren Zhao International Journal of Physics. 2023 11 (5). doi: 10.12691/ijp-11-5-5 Keywords: maxwell equation, reciprocity theorem, conservation of energy, poynting theorem, energy flow, transformer, primary coil, secondary coil, transmitting antenna, receiving antenna, retarded wave, retarded potential, advanced wave, advanced potential , absorber, radiator, emitter, photons, quantum, electromagnetic wave, electromagnetic field, transactional interpretation Context: Poynting energy flow is considered to be the energy flow of electromagnetic waves, but the author found that such conclusions are not accurate enough. The author once proposed the mutual energy theorem. After careful study, the mutual energy theorem is actually the law of energy conservation, including all energy exchange. If the mutual energy represents all the energy, the self energy flow, that is, the energy flow corresponding to the Poynting vector, should not transfer energy to space. However, the calculation of the antenna radiates active power. In this way, the self energy flow also radiates energy, so the mutual energy flow + self energy flow is more than the total energy flow should be. When studying the transformer, the author notes that a current element can be calculated according to both inductance and antenna. If it is calculated according to the inductance, it produces reactive work, and if it is calculated according to the antenna, it produces active work, which is contradictory. It is found that the problem lies in the definition of magnetic field. At present, the definition of magnetic field in classical electromagnetic theory only takes into account the retarded effect of magnetic vector potential, but does not take into account the retarded effect of magnetic field itself. In other words, the current electromagnetic theory is the retarded potential theory, while Poynting’s theorem and mutual energy flow theorem all need a retarded field theory. The authors propose a retarded magnetic field. This magnetic field and electric field maintain a phase difference of 90 degrees. Unlike the classical electromagnetic theory, the magnetic field and electric field in the distance of the antenna maintain the same phase. According to the definition of the new magnetic field and the electromagnetic mutual energy theory proposed by the author, the author finds that the two components of the mutual energy flow between the primary coil and the secondary coil of the transformer and the two components of the mutual energy flow between the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna are very close to the description of the wave of particles in John Cramer’s interpretation of quantum mechanics. Therefore, the author believes that electromagnetic mutual energy flow is photon, and other particles are also composed of mutual energy flow. The theory of electromagnetic mutual energy can be regarded as the concrete realization of the transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics. Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)

6.

Discussion on the Correction of Classical Electromagnetic Wave Theory Through Transmission Lines Shuang-ren Zhao International Journal of Physics. 2024 12 (1). doi: 10.12691/ijp-12-1-1 Keywords: Maxwell’s equation, Poynting, retarded wave, advanced wave, retarded potential, advanced potential , antenna, transformer, electromagnetic wave, electromagnetic field, energy flow, quasi-static state, transmission line Context: The author has made revisions to the classical electromagnetic theory. The solution of Maxwell’s equation has been reinterpreted. It is believed that advanced waves exist, radiation does not overflow the universe, and the Poynting vector of electromagnetic waves is reactive power. The electric and magnetic fields in the far field have a 90 degree phase difference. Transmission line problems are often solved using circuit methods. The voltage and current are in phase. The results of calculating the electric and magnetic fields according to Maxwell’s equations are the same. According to the author’s revised electromagnetic theory, there are two types of electric fields on transmission lines: electrostatic field and induced electric field. The electrostatic field is in phase with the current on the transmission line. The induced electric field lags 90 degrees behind the current. This is consistent with a simple circuit. Therefore, for transmission lines, the author’s theory contradicts the conclusions of existing textbooks. Transmission lines are a good example of distinguishing between two theories. The author also proposed a method for experimental verification. Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)