Figures index : The Antioxidant Properties of Lutein Efficiently Mitigate the Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Stress through Restoring the Oxidant: Antioxidant Balance and Enhancing the Total Antioxidative Capacity in Wistar Rats : Science and Education Publishing

Tables index

Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. 2025, 13(3), 163-171 doi:10.12691/jfnr-13-3-6

Table 1. Haematological assay of rats that received lutein, exposed to cadmium, and that were exposed to cadmium and administered with lutein, compared to the control rats. RBC count, total leucocytic count, haemoglobin concentration, and packed cell volume percentage of cadmium-exposed rats were significantly lower compared to the control rats. The measured haematological indices in lutein-administered rats exhibited no significant differences compared to the control rats. In cadmium-exposed rats and those administered with lutein, the estimated haematological parameters showed significant increments compared to cadmium-exposed rats and were closer to the control levels

Table 2a. Serum levels of total proteins, albumin, and globulin were significantly lower in cadmium-exposed compared to the untreated control rats. Levels of creatinine, urea, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and bilirubin in the cadmium-exposed rats were significantly increased compared to the untreated control rats. Rats administered with lutein demonstrated no significant differences in their biochemical parameters compared to the untreated control rats. The estimated biochemical parameters in cadmium-exposed and lutein-treated rats exhibited improvements towards the control levels and were significantly different from those estimated in the cadmium-exposed rats

Table 2b. Serum levels of alanine transferase (ALT), aspartate transferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the different groups. The cadmium-exposed rats had significantly increased levels of all measured biochemical parameters. No significant differences were recorded in the lutein group compared to the control group. In the group of rats exposed to cadmium and administered with lutein, the biochemical parameters displayed improvements toward the control levels and were significantly decreased compared to the cadmium-exposed rats

Table 2c. Serum levels of total thiols, glutathione (GSH), catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the different groups. Compared to the untreated control rats, the cadmium-exposed rats exhibited significantly decreased levels of total thiols, GSH, catalase, and TAC. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were significantly increased in cadmium-exposed rats compared to the untreated control rats. Lutein-treated rats showed no significant differences in the measured biochemical parameters compared to the untreated control rats. In the rats exposed to cadmium and treated with lutein, the biochemical parameters showed improvements toward the control levels and were significantly different compared to those of the cadmium-exposed rats

Table 3. Levels of total thiols, glutathione (GSH), catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the tissue homogenates of different groups. The levels of total thiols, GSH, catalase, and TAC were significantly decreased in the tissue homogenates of cadmium-exposed rats compared to untreated control rats. MDA and H2O2 levels were significantly increased in the tissue homogenates of cadmium-exposed rats compared to untreated control rats. Lutein-treated rats showed no significant differences compared to untreated control rats. The estimated biochemical parameters in tissue homogenates of rats exposed to cadmium and administered with lutein demonstrated improvements toward the control levels and were significantly different compared to those measured in the cadmium-exposed rats