Several local cultivars of plantain cultivated in Côte d'Ivoire resist despite environmental constraints, by their permanent presence in plantations and markets. Fruits of several of these cultivars have not yet been the subject of post-harvest scientific studies. The objective of this work was to determine the post-harvest physical characteristics of the fruits and to follow the effect of cooking for 0, 10, 15, and 20 min on biochemical compositions of nine local plantain cultivars pulps. Physical characteristics of fruits and biochemical compositions of raw and boiled samples were determined using INIBAB Technical Guide methods and standard methods of analyses of AOAC respectively. The results showed that Banakpa cultivar regime was the heaviest, with an average of 11.2 kg versus 7.8 kg for the Banaboi cultivar, which is the lightest. Cultivars N'glétia (85 fingers) and Olègna (83 fingers) had more fingers per regime. Ataplègnon cultivar had longer, heavier, and bulkier fingers. There were reductions in levels of protein (4.71 to 1.77 g/100 g DM), ash (2.63 to 1.33 g/100 g DM), and lipids (0.75 to 0.47 g/100 g DM) during cooking on the one hand. On the other hand, the carbohydrate (90.96 to 94.04 g/100 g DM), fiber (1.44 to 2.23 g/100 g DM), and energy values (385.42 to 389.40 kcal/100 g DM) increased during cooking. Ultimately, 15 min of cooking would be the right medium for boiling the pulps, to limit the loss of certain nutrients.
Plantains are an important staple crop in West Africa with a high nutritional content, variety of preparation methods, and a production cycle that is less labor-intensive than many other crops 1, 2. They are used as food, beverages, flavorings and cooked foods 3, 4. In African cultures, plantain cultivars are consumed in many forms and are best appreciated by variety. They are foutou, foufou, toh, aloco, claclo, ships, etc. 5. In Côte d'Ivoire, its production is 1.6 million tons for a local consumption estimated at about 64 kg / per / year 6.
However, environmental constraints such as soil depletion, deficiencies of traditional cropping systems and especially diseases, lead to a decline in plantain production 7, 8. One of the real causes of the spread of diseases is the difficulty of getting healthy young plantain plants 9, resulting the decline in production and even the disappearance of certain cultivars. Solutions are developed such as tissue culture, macro-propagation technology 10, 11, which would undoubtedly enhance the cultivation of local plantain cultivars highly appreciated by consumers.
Unfortunately, fruits of many of these cultivars, yet well anchored in the dietary habits of populations have not yet been the subject of genuine scientific study. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physical and biochemical post-harvest characteristics of the fruits of nine local cultivars of plantain in Côte d'Ivoire.
The samples were taken from the experimental plot of the National Center for Agronomic Research (CNRA) in Azaguié (located 50 km north of Abidjan) in Côte d'Ivoire. The plantains were harvested at the traditional cut, that is, when one of the fingers of the bunch begins to turn yellow or when a crack appears on one of the fingers of the bunch. The vernacular name of each cultivar is Afoto, Attiébana, Banakpa, Ataplègnon, Banaboi, Banadié, N'gletia, Olègna, and Banablé (Photo 1 to photo 9). The fruits were peeled using a stainless steel knife and the pulps were divided into three batches. The pulps of ten fruits were used by cultivar and cooking time (10, 15, and 20 min). These pulps were cut into 5 cm pieces, then slightly immersed in water about 0.5 cm above the level of the pulp pieces and boiled (100°C) in stainless steel pots on a hot plate ( Mia-Germany, Kp 8508, 1500 Watts). The boiled pieces were cut into small pieces 2.5 cm thick and dried in an oven (Memmert, 854 Scwachbach, Germany) at 45°C for 72 hours. A batch of raw pulp was used for each cultivar and then dried under the same conditions as the boiled pulp. The dried samples were ground into a powder, sieved with a 250 µm mesh sieve, then stored at room temperature (25 ± 2°C) in airtight containers for analysis.
The mass of each bunch was determined by weighing on a balance (Berkel: maximum range 150 kg, France).
The number of hands on each bunch was counted and noted.
The number of fingers was determined by manually counting the fingers of each hand on the bunch.
The mass (kg) of the finger of each plantain bunch was determined by weighing on a scale (Mettler Toledo, type ME403E, Columbus, Ohio, USA).
The length of the fruit generally determined by measuring the outer arc of each fruit with a tape from the distal end to the proximal end, where it is judged that the pulp ends. However, some researchers determine the length of the fingers by measuring the arc of bananas from the junction of the pulp and stem to the apex 12.
The circumference was determined by measuring each fruit with a tape in its central part, that is to say, there is the thickest.
The volume of each fruit was determined by direct displacement of the volume of water. This method consists to determine in advancethe volume of water in a graduated cylinder. Then the fruit is completely immersed in the water of the test tube. The volume of displaced water is equal to the volume of the fruit in cm3 12.
Density or specific gravity of the fruit is determined by dividing the weight of the fruit (measured in the atmosphere) by the volume of fruit 13.
The mass of the pulp and skin of each fruit were determined separately using a scale (Mettler Toledo, type ME403E, Columbus, Ohio, USA), after peeling each finger manually.
The pulp/skin ratio was determined by the quotient of the mass of the fruit pulp by that of its skin.
The thickness of the skin was measured using calipers. Each fruit was cut transversely in its middle part, manually peeled, and then the thickness of the skin was measured 12.
2.3. Biochemical Parameters AnalysisDry matter content, protein, crude fat, crude fiber and ash contents of the flours were determined by the standard official methods 14. Carbohydrate was determined by difference 15. Total sugars contents were determined according to the method described by Dubois et al. 16 using phenol-sulfuric acid. Reducing sugars contents were determined according to the Bernfeld 17 method using 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acids. Energy value was determined according to the Atwater and Rosa 18 coefficients.
2.4. Statistical AnalysesAnalysis of data collected from biochemical and physical characteristics was performed using Statistica 7.1 software. Tukey's test at the 5% threshold was used to classify the means of the experimental factors of the fruits.
All parameters physical were used to perform principal component analysis (PCA). PCA makes it possible, from the correlation of the matrices of the original variables, to extract a small number of linear combinations not correlated between them. The principal components are constructed to account for the largest fraction of the total variance. For the analysis, we retain the first principal components which take into account most of the observed variance. The determination, for each principal component, of the variables which are strongly correlated to it, reveals the original variables which contribute the most to the value of each principal component. The projection of all the individuals along the main axes of the main components makes it possible to appreciate the individuals' dispersion and better compare the variability between the fields.
Physical characteristics of plantain bunches are presented in Table 1. The masses of Banakpa (11.2 ± 0.9 kg), Banablé (11.0 ± 0.5 kg), Banadié (10.3 ± 0.8 kg), Ataplegnon (10.5 ± 0.5 kg) and Attiébana (11.0 ± 0.3 kg) were not significantly different (p ≥ 0.05). Banaboi cultivar bunch mass was the lowest (p<0.05), with 7.8 ± 0.9 kg. The number of hands per bunch of plantain cultivars ranged from 2 (Ataplègnon) to 8 (Banadié). The Afoto, Banaboi and Banablé cultivars had 6 ± 1 hands, and the Banakpa, Olègna, Attiébana and N'gletia cultivars had 7 ± 1 hands. In terms of number of fingers per bunch of these plantain cultivars, statistical analysis revealed that this variation was significant (p<0.05). The Ataplègnon cultivar had the lowest number of toes (20) and the N'gletia cultivar had the highest number of toes (85).
Physical characteristics of the fruits of the plantain cultivars are shown in Table 2 and Table 3. The finger lengths of these cultivars ranged from 17.4 ± 1.7 cm (N'glétia) to 36.2 ± 1 cm (Ataplègnon). In addition, cultivars such as Ataplègnon, Banaboi, Banablé, Banakpa, Afoto, Attiébana, and Banadié had longer fingers (between 26.8 cm and 36.2 cm). Circumference measurements of the central part of the fingers were between 11.9 ± 0.4 cm (Olègna) and 16.6 ± 0.2 cm (Ataplègnon). Furthermore, there was no significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) between the finger circumferences of the Olègna (11.9 ± 0.4 cm) and N'glétia (12.73 ± 0.5 cm) cultivars on the one hand, between Banakpa (14.5 ± 0.4 cm), Banablé (13.9 ± 0.4 cm), Banadié (14.5 ± 0.4 cm) and Afoto (13.9 ± 0.4 cm) on the other hand, then that of Banaboi cultivars (15.7 ± 0.4 cm) and Atiébana (15.27 ± 0.3 cm). The fingers of Ataplègnon cultivar were the most voluminous (471.98 ± 1.89 cm3). The finger volumes of the different plantain cultivars studied were significantly different (p ≤ 0.05). Concerning density of fruit, it ranged between 0.96 ± 0.01 (Olègna) and 1.04 ± 0.01 (Afoto). Finger/skin ratios of all cultivars were between 1.21 ± 0.02 (Olègna) and 2.11 ± 0.01 (Banadié). Masses of Ataplègnon cultivar fingers (476.70 ± 0.72 g) were the highest. In addition, the masses of the skin and pulp of the cultivar Ataplègnon were the highest (pulp: 277.80 ± 0, 80.42 ± 1.22 g, skin: 197.95 ± 0.25 g) while those of the cultivar Olègna were the lowest (pulp: 80.42 ± 1.22 g, skin: 66.33 ± 0.54 g). In terms of yield (Table 4), the Banadié cultivar had the highest pulp yield (67.73 ± 0.03%) and the lowest skin one (32.11 ± 0.07%) at the threshold of 5%. On the other hand, the cultivar Olègna had the lowest yield of pulp (54.58 ± 0.33%) and the highest yield of skin (45.03 ± 0.22%).
PCR made from the 12 parameters analyzed for each cultivar allowed to retain two axes (axis 1 and 2) which explain 60.98% of the variability of the physical parameters (Table 5). These factorial axes 1 and 2 respectively express 93.16% and 3.33% of the variability of all the physical parameters (Figure 1). Thus, the approximation of the cultivars according to these two axes on the basis of the relationships between the physical parameters reveals three groups of plantain. The first group consists of the cultivar Ataplègnon, the second group includes the cultivars Banaboi, Attiébana, Afoto, Banakpa, Banablé, and Banadié and the third group is composed of cultivars Olègna and N'glétia.
Protein content of the cooked pulp of the different plantain cultivars decreased significantly (p <0.05) as the cooking time increased (Figure 2). Indeed, before cooking, protein levels ranged from 4.71 ± 0.22 g / 100 g DM (Afoto) to 3.02 ± 0.26 (Ataplègnon). After 10 min of cooking the pulps, the protein contents were between 3.70 ± 0.02 g / 100 g MS (Afoto) and 2.10 ± 0.10 g / 100 g DM (Ataplègnon). These levels of protein reached values ranged from 3.50 ± 0.10 g / 100 g DM (Afoto) to 1.90 ± 0.10 g / 100 g DM (Ataplègnon) when the cooking time is 15 min. The decline in protein levels continued at 20 min of cooking and the values recorded were between 3.17 ± 0.06 g / 100 g DM (Afoto) and 1.77 ± 0.12 g / 100 g DM (Ataplègnon). Except for cultivars Ataplègnon, Attiébana, and Banakpa, lipid levels of all other cultivars did not decrease significantly (p ≥ 0.05) during boiling (Figure 3). The lipid contents of these three cultivars (Ataplègnon, Attiébana and Banakpa) ranged respectively from 0.72 ± 0.01 g / 100 g DM, 0.69 ± 0.01 g / 100 g DM, 0.62 ± 0.01 g / 100 g DM before boiling to 0.69 ± 0.02 g / 100 g DM, 0.61 ± 0.01 g / 100 g DM and 0.56 ± 0.01 g / 100 g DM after 20 min of cooking. Concerning ash contents of boiled pulps of plantain cultivars, results indicated a significant decrease (p <0.05) when cooking time increases (Figure 4). These rates ranged from 2.63 ± 0.06 g / 100 g DM (Banadié) to 1.99 ± 0.01 g / 100 g DM (Banaboi) before cooking and then from 2.31 ± 0.02 g / 100 g DM (Banadié) to 1.44 ± 0.02 g / 100 g DM (Afoto) after 10 min of cooking. After 15 min of cooking, the ash levels obtained ranged from 2.09 ± 0.02 g / 100 g DM (Banadié) to 1.36 ± 0.02 g / 100 g DM (Afoto). However, falls observed between 10 and 15 min were seven times less for the Afoto cultivar, 2 times less for Banaboi and Banakpa cultivars, and about 1 time less for the other cultivars compared to the falls observed after 10 min of cooking. Rates decreases observed after 20 min of cooking were almost identical to that observed between 10 and 15 min. The rates thus, pass to values between 1.98 ± 0.01 g / 100 g DM (Banadié) and 1.33 ± 0.03 g / 100 g DM (Afoto).
Fiber content of plantain pulps increased significantly (p <0.05) during boiling (Figure 5). Before cooking, the contents were between 1.44 ± 0.02 g / 100 g DM (Banadié) and 1.80 ± 0.01 g / 100 g DM (Afoto). However, after 10 min of cooking, the rates ranged to values between 1.82 ± 0.02 g / 100 g DM (Banadié) and 2.17 ± 0.05 g / 100 g DM (Banaboi). At 15 min of cooking, fiber levels increased significantly (p <0.05) for all cultivars, except Afoto (2.12 ± 0.01 to 2.15 ± 0.02 g / 100 g DM) and Banaboi (2.17 ± 0.03-2.21 ± 0.03 g / 100 g DM) which remain constant. At 20 min of cooking, only the rates of the cultivars Attiébana (2.11 ± 0.02 to 2.17 ± 0.05 g / 100 g MS), Banadié (2.03 ± 0.01 to 2.11 ± 0.01 g / 100 g DM) and N'glétia (2.09 ± 0.01 to 2.15 ± 0.03 g / 100 g DM) showed a significant increase (p <0.05).
Carbohydrate levels of pulp increased significantly (p <0.05) for all cultivars after 10 min of cooking (Figure 6). These levels ranged between 90.96 ± 0.24 g / 100 g DM (Afoto) and 92.71 ± 0.26 g / 100 g DM (Ataplègnon) before boiling, reaching values of between 92.04 ± 0.10 DM (Banablé) and 93.49 ± 0.11 g / 100 g DM (Ataplègnon) after 10 min of cooking. At 15 min of cooking, the values evolved from 92.52 ± 0.09 g / 100 g DM (Afoto) to 93.83 ± 0.14 g / 100 g DM (Ataplègnon). At 20 min of cooking, the levels increased significantly (p <0.05) and reached values ranged from 92.87 ± 0.24 DM (Afoto) to 94.04 ± 0.26 g / 100 g DM (Ataplègnon).
Energy values of the pulp of these plantain cultivars increased significantly (p <0.05) after 10 min of cooking (Figure 7). These values ranged from 385.42 ± 0.44 kcal / 100 g DM (Banakpa) to 388.72 ± 0.13 kcal / 100 g DM (Banablé) before cooking evolve and reached values between 386.32 ± 0.02 kcal / 100 g DM (Banakpa) and 388.89 ± 0.11 kcal / 100 g MS (Banablé). At 15 min of cooking there was a significant increase (p <0.05) in the energetic values of cultivars such as Ataplègnon (388.76 ± 0.19 to 389.17 ± 0.18 kcal / 100 g DM), Banablé (388.89 ± 0.16 to 389.13 ± 0.21 kcal / 100 g DM), Banaboi (387.09 ± 0.05 to 387.50 ± 0.08 kcal / 100 g DM), N'glétia (388.50 ± 0.12 to 388.99 ± 0.07 kcal / 100 g DM) and Olègna (387.96 ± 0.02 to 388.11 ± 0.02 kcal / 100 g DM). At 20 min of cooking, only the energy values of Afoto, Attiébana, and Banadié cultivars remained constant, but those of all other cultivars increased significantly (p <0.05). The energy values ranged from 386.89 ± 0.08 kcal / 100 g DM (Banakpa) to 389.38 ± 0.18 kcal / 100 g DM (Ataplègnon) after 20 min of cooking.
The masses of each of the nine plantain cultivars are close to those of the plantain Africa (11.8 kg) and CRBP 39 (11 kg) varieties obtained by Coulibaly et al. 19 and higher than the cultivar Apantu pa (7.8 kg) obtained by Annor et al. 20 and to most of those varieties studied by Fernande et al. 21. The number of fingers of the cultivars N'glétia (85 fingers) and Olègna (83 fingers) were superior to those of hybrids PITA 3 and PITA 8 (59 fingers) reported by Kouadio et al. 22 and CRBP 39 (70 fingers) obtained by Coulibaly et al. 19. On the one hand, they are close to those of the hybrids FHIA 21 (89 fingers) obtained by Coulibaly 19. Differences in the physical parameters of the regime from one cultivar to another are due to climatic conditions, soil types and to the characteristics of each cultivar 23. Indeed, the mass of regimes and the presence of many fingers on the regime are assets, since it allows obtaining a better yield to the production per area and thus contributing to the increase of the income of the producers.
The fingers of these cultivars are longer than those of hybrids FHIA 21 (21.1 cm), PITA 3 (26 cm) and PITA 8 (26.5 cm), and those of FHIA 3 (17.5 cm), FHIA 19 (23 cm) and FHIA (22.5 cm) reported by Orellena et al. 24, Kouadio et al. 22 and Annor et al. 20, respectively. Except the fingers of Olègna cultivar, the circumferences of the fingers of all the other cultivars are superior to those of the hybrids FHIA 21 (11.5 cm), CRBP 14 (10.9 cm) and CRBP 39 obtained by Coulibaly 19 and Orellena et al. 24. All cultivars studied had larger fingers than CRBP 14 (112.6 cm3), FHIA 21 (120.6 cm3), CRBP 39 (134.7 cm3), PITA 3 (200.7 cm3) and PITA 8 (203 cm3) studied by Coulibaly 19 and Kouadio et al. 22, except the fingers of the cultivars Olègna (153.47 cm3) and N'glétia (162.94 cm3) which are less voluminous. Length, circumference, and volume of fruits are factors that influence the commercialization of plantain because consumers are most often attracted by the size and length of fruits as observed at the Ataplègnon cultivar. Variation of fruits densities from one cultivar to another would be related to the mineral composition of these fruits 19. These densities are close to those of the FHIA 21, CRBP 14, CRBP 39 and Orishélé cultivars obtained by Coulibaly 19, whose values vary from 1.02 to 1.04 and also those of PITA 3 and PITA 8 (1.0) reported by Kouadio et al. 22. Pulp/skin ratios of all cultivars are similar to those of PITA 3 and PITA 8 (1.7), then those of hybrids FHIA 19 (1.24) and FHIA (1.45) respectively obtained by Kouadio et al. (2013) and Annor et al. 20. Moreover, fingers skin thicknesses of cultivars Banadié, Ataplègnon and N'glétia (0.4 cm) are almost identical to those of the hybrids CRBP 14 (0.38 cm), FHIA21 (0.38 cm), PITA 3 and PITA 8 (0.4 cm) obtained by Coulibaly 19 and Kouadio et al. 22). Indeed, according to Stover and simmonds (1987), pulp/skin ratio and skin thickness of the fruits represent a reliable indicator of the maturity of bananas. Except the finger masses of the cultivars Olègna (174.33 g) and N'glétia (166.2 g), all of the cultivars have fingers whose average mass is significantly higher than that of the CRBP 39 hybrids (135.6 to 192.3 g), FHIA 21 (124.5 g), PITA 3 (196.8 g) and PITA 8 (200 g) whose average finger mass is 20 g 19, 22. Otherwise, the cultivars Banadié, Attiébana, Banablé, Banakpa, Banaboi and Ataplègnon have better pulp yields (58.28 to 67.73%) than those of the plantain hybrids FHIA 21, CRBP 14, CRBP 39 with rates ranging from 52% to 56.4% 19. Indeed, when the yield of skin is higher than an average of 40%, the amount of waste produced is very high and thus represents a significant loss when the products are destined for industrial purposes 25. Heterogeneity observed between the physical parameters of the fruits of the plantain cultivars studied is designed during fruit growth and depends fundamentally on the activity of the functional leaves present during the appearance of the inflorescence 26.
The decrease in protein rates could be attributed to protein solubilization and diffusion in cooking water 27. These results are consistent with those of Adeniji et al. 28 and Adepoju et al. 29, who also observed a decrease in protein levels in Plantain (Musa paradisiacea) and plantain hydrides during cooking. Some low fat contents of the pulps would be melted by heat during boiling in the cooking water, resulting in a reduction in the lipid content observed in the boiled pastes 30. The decrease in ash rates during cooking may be due to the leaching of minerals in boiling water. This implies that the potential capacity of these plantains to supply essential minerals is reduced when duration of cooking is prolonged 21. These observations are in agreement with those of Adepoju et al. 29 and Tsamo et al. 32 on boiled plantain cultivars. Moreover, the increase in raw fibers could be explained by their concentration in the pulps following the leaching of certain soluble constituents during boiling (Inyang et al., 2015). Concerning carbohydrates, the rates being made by difference, the reduction of the components such as lipids, ashes and proteins would be a cause of the increase in the carbohydrate content in the cooked pasta relative to the dry matter. The increase of the energy values of boiled pulps would be linked to the increase of the carbohydrate content, the main energy source of pulp of these plantains.
Each of nine plantain cultivars studied have physical characteristics that can give them good market value. Except cultivars Olègna and N'glétia, whose fingers are short and less bulky, all other cultivars can better compete with the hybrids designed to be productive and resistant. In addition, these Olègna and N'glétia cultivars have high finger numbers per regime and can compete with the hybrid for which this factor is a main feature. Although results on cooking pulps show reduced levels of certain nutrients, it is necessary to ensure proper digestion of plantain. Pulp boiling results in a slight reduction of the levels of lipids, proteins and ash. Moreover, cooking increases the carbohydrate content and allows an increase of energy values of the boiled pulps. Thus, cooked pulps could be useful for the energetic needs of consumers. Cooking the pulps during 20 min further affects the nutritional quality of the pulps. In order to avoid the massive loss of nutrients, it would be ideal to boil the pulps for 15 min.
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
The authors wish to thank National Center for Agronomic Research (CNRA) for providing support for this research under valorization of the local plantain cultivars of Cote d'Ivoire.
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| [24] | Orellena, P.P., Bermủdez, I.C., Garcia, L.R. and Veitia, R. “Evaluation des caractéristiques agronomiques d’hybrides de bananiers plantain (Musa spp)”. InfoMusa, 1(1), 34-35. | ||
| In article | |||
| [25] | Khawas, P., Das, A.J., Sit, N., Badwaik, L.S. and Deka, S.C. “Nutritional composition of culinary Musa ABB at different stages of development”, American Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2(3), 80-87, 2014. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [26] | José, L.B.V., Gerardo, C.S. and Juana, R.G. “Influencia de la exposición de las hojas y el epicarpio de frutos sobre el desarrollo y la calidad del racimo de plátano 'Hartón' (Musa AAB Simmonds)”, Agronomía Colombiana, 27(1), 73-79, 2009. | ||
| In article | |||
| [27] | Lund, O., Frimand, K., Gorodkin, J. “Protein distance constraints predicted by neural networks and probability density functions”. Protein Engineering, 10, 241-1248, 1997. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [28] | Adeniji, T.A., Sanni. L.O., Barimalaa I.S.and Hart, A.D. “Nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of flour made from plantain and banana hybrid pulp and peel mixture”, Nigerian Food Journal, 25(2), 68-76, 2007. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [29] | Adepoju, O.T., Sunday, B.E. and Folaranmi, O.A. “Nutrient composition and contribution of plantain (Musa paradisiacea) products to dietary diversity of Nigerian consumers”, African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(71), 13601-13605, 2012. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [30] | Lola, A. “The effect of boiling on the nutrients and anti-Nutrients in two non-conventional Vegetables”, Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8(9), 430-433. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [31] | Ezeocha, V.C. and Ojimelukwe, P.C. “The impact of cooking on the proximate composition and anti-nutritional factors of water yam (Dioscorea alata)”, Journal of Stored Products and Postharvest Research, 3(13), 172-176, 2012. | ||
| In article | |||
| [32] | Tsamo, C.V.P., Herent, M.F., Tomekpe, K., Emaga, T.H., Quetin-Leclercq, J., Rogez, H., Larondelle, Y. and Christelle M.A. “Effect of boiling on phenolic profiles determined using HPLC/ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS, physico-chemical parameters of six plantain banana cultivars (Musa spp)”, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 44, 158-169, 2015. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [33] | Inyang, U.E., Akpan, E.O. and Bello, F.A. 2015. “Effect of boiling and roasting on the nutrient and anti-nutrient contents in conophor nut flour”, International Journal of Information Research and Review, 2(6), 769-772, 2015. | ||
| In article | |||
Published with license by Science and Education Publishing, Copyright © 2022 Wohi Maniga, Gnanwa Mankambou Jacques, Tchumou Messou, Coulibaly Souleymane and Tano Kablan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit
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| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [24] | Orellena, P.P., Bermủdez, I.C., Garcia, L.R. and Veitia, R. “Evaluation des caractéristiques agronomiques d’hybrides de bananiers plantain (Musa spp)”. InfoMusa, 1(1), 34-35. | ||
| In article | |||
| [25] | Khawas, P., Das, A.J., Sit, N., Badwaik, L.S. and Deka, S.C. “Nutritional composition of culinary Musa ABB at different stages of development”, American Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2(3), 80-87, 2014. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [26] | José, L.B.V., Gerardo, C.S. and Juana, R.G. “Influencia de la exposición de las hojas y el epicarpio de frutos sobre el desarrollo y la calidad del racimo de plátano 'Hartón' (Musa AAB Simmonds)”, Agronomía Colombiana, 27(1), 73-79, 2009. | ||
| In article | |||
| [27] | Lund, O., Frimand, K., Gorodkin, J. “Protein distance constraints predicted by neural networks and probability density functions”. Protein Engineering, 10, 241-1248, 1997. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [28] | Adeniji, T.A., Sanni. L.O., Barimalaa I.S.and Hart, A.D. “Nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of flour made from plantain and banana hybrid pulp and peel mixture”, Nigerian Food Journal, 25(2), 68-76, 2007. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [29] | Adepoju, O.T., Sunday, B.E. and Folaranmi, O.A. “Nutrient composition and contribution of plantain (Musa paradisiacea) products to dietary diversity of Nigerian consumers”, African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(71), 13601-13605, 2012. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [30] | Lola, A. “The effect of boiling on the nutrients and anti-Nutrients in two non-conventional Vegetables”, Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8(9), 430-433. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [31] | Ezeocha, V.C. and Ojimelukwe, P.C. “The impact of cooking on the proximate composition and anti-nutritional factors of water yam (Dioscorea alata)”, Journal of Stored Products and Postharvest Research, 3(13), 172-176, 2012. | ||
| In article | |||
| [32] | Tsamo, C.V.P., Herent, M.F., Tomekpe, K., Emaga, T.H., Quetin-Leclercq, J., Rogez, H., Larondelle, Y. and Christelle M.A. “Effect of boiling on phenolic profiles determined using HPLC/ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS, physico-chemical parameters of six plantain banana cultivars (Musa spp)”, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 44, 158-169, 2015. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [33] | Inyang, U.E., Akpan, E.O. and Bello, F.A. 2015. “Effect of boiling and roasting on the nutrient and anti-nutrient contents in conophor nut flour”, International Journal of Information Research and Review, 2(6), 769-772, 2015. | ||
| In article | |||
