Korea has entered the aged society, with those aged over 65 years accounting for 14~20% of its population. Interest in the quality of life, nutrition, and health of the elderly is increasing. Since the energy intake of the elderly is lower than the estimated required amount, nutrient intake ratio of the elderly is related to mastication. Yanggaeng is a high-energy food made from agar, sugar, and red bean paste. Since it has a soft texture, it is highly utilized as a snack for the elderly who have inconvenience in mastication. Pinus koraiensis needle is known to possess antioxidant and antibacterial effects. The purpose of this study was to develop a functional snack added with Pinus koraiensis needle extract powder known to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antibacterial effects for the elderly that would be easy for them to chew. In this study, yanggaeng was manufactured with 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, or 8% of Pinus koraiensis needle extract powder, white sediment, and agar. In the experiment, moisture contents, color values texture characteristics, antioxidant activities, and sensory preference results were evaluated. Moisture content was the highest in the group added 6% of the extract powder. It was the lowest in the group added 8% of the extract powder, showing a significant (p < 0.001) difference between the two. Hardness, cohesiveness, and springiness of texture characteristics were decreased significantly (p < 0.001) while the adhesiveness and chewiness of texture characteristics were increased significantly (p < 0.001) as the amount of addition increased. Regarding antioxidative activity measurements, levels of polyphenols were the highest (p < 0.001) in the group added with 8% of the extract powder. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were increased as the amount of addition increased (p < 0.001). Overall sensory preference was the highest for the 2% addition group. It decreased as the amount of addition increased (p < 0.001). Results of this study indicate that Pinus koraiensis needle extract powder with antioxidant and antibacterial effects can be used to manufacture yanggaeng to make functional snacks with improved quality characteristics for the elderly.
In South Korea, the proportion of the elderly population is continuously increasing. Accolirding to United Nations (UN) standards, South Korea has entered an aging society in that the proportion of the population of those aged over 65 years is 14% or more 1. According to the statistics agency data, the proportion of the total population of those aged over 65 years old in South Korea is showing a gradual increase from 13.3% in 2016 to 14.4% in 2018 and 16.0% in 2020 2. Thus, there is s growing interest in the quality of life 3, nutrition 4, and health 5 of the elderly.
According to the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the energy intake of the elderly is lower than the estimated required amount in the food insecurity group. In addition, rates of those having low intakes of vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin, vitamin C, calcium, and iron are high in the elderly 6.
The rate of nutrient intake in the elderly is related to mastication 7. Masticatory inconvenience rate is as high as 39.5% in the elderly 8. According to a study on characteristics of dietary intake of Korean elderly by chewing ability, more than half of those aged over 65 years have mastication inconvenience. All nutrients and food intake are significantly lower in the masticatory inconvenience group than in the masticatory convenience group 9. Also, the frequency of intake was lower for food that was hard, tough, hard to cook, or hard to chew. The frequency of snack intake was significantly lower in the masticatory inconvenience group 9.
According to a study on the demand for food development for the elderly, the taste that the elderly like the best is a light taste. Bread, rice cakes, and beverages were main snacks they wanted and food was selected in consideration of their authoring capability 10. Therefore, it is necessary to develop snacks with a light taste. They should also be easy to masticate. In addition, nutritional aspects should be considered.
Yanggaeng is a Korean traditional snack. It is a high-energy food made of agar, sugar, and red bean paste 11. Hancheon is the main ingredient. It can improve fat accumulation and insulin level 12. It is rich in dietary fiber, which can activate intestinal peristalsis. Thus, it is effective for alleviating constipation 13. Yanggaeng also has a soft texture. Thus, it is highly utilized as a snack for the elderly with to mastication inconvenience 14.
Pinus koraiensis has antioxidant and antibacterial effects 15, 16. Pinus koraiensis needle contains astragalin, (+)-catechin juglanin, gallic acid, kaempferol, p-coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid, quercetin, syringic acid, vanillic acid, and so on 17, 18. According to previous studies, Pinus koraiensis needle has a strong antioxidant effect due to antioxidant ability of gallic acid and syringic acid as ingredients of Pinus koraiensis needle 19, 20.
The aim of this study was to develop a functional snack for the elderly that would be easy to chew using pinus koraiensis needle extract powder known to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antibacterial effects. Yanggaeng samples were prepared with 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% of Pinus koraiensis needle extract powder. Moisture contents, color values, texture characteristics, antioxidant activities, and sensory preference results of these samples were then evaluated.
Pinus koraiensis needle extract powder was provided by Dain Natural. Other ingredients such as white bean paste (Morning Seoul), agar (Cooknbake), sugar (CJ Cheiljedang), salt (Chungjungone), and fructo-oligosaccharide (CJ Cheiljedang) were purchased online.
The combination percentage of Pinus koraiensis needle extract powder with yanggaeng was standardized as shown in Table 1 based on preliminary experiments by referring to the study of 21. The combination percentage of Pinus koraiensis needle extract powder was 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% (Figure 1). Agar (30 g) was placed in water, soaked for 20 minutes, and boiled over a medium heat for about 2 minutes. Pinus koraiensis needle extract powder was mixed with 50 g of water, added with white bean paste and sugar, and boiled over low heat for about 2 minutes. After that, add salt and fructo-oligosaccharide, and boil over a low heat for about 2 minutes. Yanggaeng of pinus koraiensis needle extract powder was then placed in a mold to harden it. It was cooled for 3 hours and then used in the experiment.
Moisture content was determined after placing 3 g of each sample in a drying oven (LO-FS150, LK Lab, Korea) at 105°C for one hour. An atmospheric pressure heating and drying method was used in accordance with the AOAC method 22, which could repeatedly performing cooling in desiccators (ADC47, LK Lab, Korea) for 30 minutes. The experiment was carried out in triplicate and shown as an average value. Color values including L-value, a-value, and b-value were measured with a chromaticity meter. The measurement was carried out in triplicate and shown as an average value. Before measuring the chromaticity, a standard white plate (Calibration plate CR-A43) was used to calibrate the chromaticity meter with L-value of 93.00, a-value of 0.3125, and b-value of 0.2531.
Texture characteristics including hardness, adhesiveness, chewiness, cohesiveness, and springiness were measured using a CTX Texture analyzer (Ametek Brookfield, USA) for TPA (Texture Profile Analysis). The experiment was carried out in triplicate and shown as an average value. Measurement conditions of the CTX Texture analyzer are shown in Table 2.
Total polyphenol content was measured referring to a previous study by 23. Briefly, 0.4 mL of Folin-Ciocalteureagent and 0.2 mL of distilled water were mixed with 0.2 mL of the sample and left at room temperature for 5 minutes. After adding 0.4 mL of 10% sodium carbonate, the mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 minutes. The absorbance was then measured at 765 nm with a spectrophotometer (UV-1800, Shimadzu, Nishinokyo Kuwabara-cho, Nakagiyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan). The experiment was carried out in triplicate and shown as an average value. Total polyphenol content results are expressed as mg GAE/L.
DPPH radical scavenging capacity was determined referring to a previous study by 24. Briefly, 0.9 mL of 0.2 mM DPPH solution was mixed with 0.1 mL of sample extract, reacted for 30 minutes, and then the absorbance was measured at 517 nm. The experiment was carried out in triplicate and shown as an average value.
ABTS radical scavenging capacity was determined referring to a previous study by 25. Briefly, 7.4 mM ABTS solution and 2.7 mM potassium persulfate solution were mixed at 1:1 and left unattended for 14 hours. ABTS cations were formed and diluted with 50% methanol so that the absorbance value was 0.7 to 1.0 at 734 nm. Diluted ABTS (1.0 mL) solution and 100 μL of sample were mixed and reacted for 10 minutes. Absorbance was then measured at 734 nm. The experiment was carried out in triplicate and shown as an average value.
Sensory preference was determined after sufficiently explaining the purpose of the experiment and the method of evaluating sensual characteristics to 15 food-related workers (Eulji University Institutional Bioethics Committee Deliberation Exemption Approval Number: EU21-058). A certain amount of the sample was put in a container without color or aroma and served with a spoon and additive table of triple-digit. Before a preference test was performed, the mouth was rinsed with water after eating one sample. Sensory preference results were Color, Flavor, Taste, Texture, and Overall preference. Each characteristic was shown to have a stronger preference as the number increased using a 7-point scale.
All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 22.0 package (Ver. 22.0 for window, Chicago, IL, U.S.A.). Experimental data are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean obtained from experiments carried out in triplicate. Significance was determined using post LSD test of one-way ANOVA. Significant differences among means of samples were set at p < 0.05.
Table 3 shows results of moisture contents and color values of Yanggaeng added with Pinus Koraiensis needle extract powder. Moisture content was 48.27% for the control group, 50.33% for the 2% addition group, 47.83% for the 4% addition group, 52.00% for the 6% addition group, and 44.75% for the 8% addition group. It was the highest in the 6% addition group and the lowest in the 8% addition group, showing a significant (p < 0.001) difference between the two. L-value was 52.22 in the control group, 36.12 in the 2% addition group, 34.64 in the 4% addition group, 36.13 in the 6% addition group, and 33.66 in the 8% addition group, with the control group having a higher L-value than the addition group. The 8% addition group had the lowest L-value. These values were significantly (p < 0.001) different. Regarding the a-value, it was -1.30 in the control group, -1.89 in the 2% addition group, -1.40 in the 4% addition group, -1.45 in the 6% addition group, and -1.16 in the 8% addition group. The 2% addition group had the highest a-value and the 8% addition group had the lowest a-value, showing a significant (p = 0.003) difference. For b-value of color value, it was 4.73 in the control group, 13.56 in the 2% addition group, 12.63 in the 4% addition group, 12.79 in the 6% addition group, and 10.70 in the 8% addition group. The 2% addition group had the highest b-value and the 8% addition group had the lowest b-value, showing a significant (p < 0.001) difference between the two.
In this study, except for 6%, moisture contents decreased significantly as the amount of addition increased. A Moringa leaf powder yanggaeng 26 study and a dropwort powder yanggaeng 27 study also showed that color values were decreased significantly as the amount of addition increased. On the other hand, a study on Barley sprout powder and Finger Root powder yanggaeng 28 and a study on Yam powder yanggaeng 29 showed significantly increased color values as the amount of addition increased, different from results of the present study.
L-value, a-value, and b-value of color values were the lowest in the 8% addition group. Except for 6%, they decreased significantly as the amount of addition increased. Likewise, a study on Jerusalem artichoke powder yanggaeng 30 and a study on fermented red ginseng yanggaeng 31 showed that L-value, a-value, and b-value decreased significantly as the amount of addition increased. In the case of the L-value, the fermented red ginseng yanggaeng study reported that adding additional amount of subsidiary material made the color of yanggaeng darker 31.
3.2. Texture Characteristics of YanggaengTable 4 shows results of texture characteristics of Yanggaeng added with Pinus Koraiensis needle extract powder. Hardness was 1733.57 g in the control group, 1706.70 g in the 2% addition group, 1537.03 g in the 4% addition group, 1378.40 g in the 6% addition group, and 1276.13 g in the 8% addition group. Hardness was significantly decreased as the amount of addition increased (p < 0.001). Adhesiveness was 4.36 mJ in the control group, 4.51 mJ in the 2% addition group, 4.82 mJ in the 4% addition group, 5.56 mJ in the 6% addition group, and 5.65 mJ in the 8% addition group. It was significantly (p < 0.001) increased as the amount of addition increased.
Chewiness was 31.99 mJ in the control group, 37.86 mJ in the 2% addition group, 41.18 mJ in the 4% addition group, 44.07 mJ in the 6% addition group, and 47.50 mJ in the 8% addition group. It was significantly (p < 0.001) increased as the amount of addition increased. Cohesiveness was 0.50 in the control group, 0.38 in the 2% addition group, 0.37 in the 4% addition group, 0.37 in the 6% addition group, and 0.36 in the 8% addition group. It was significantly (p < 0.001) increased as the amount of addition increased. Springiness was 4.66 mm in the control group, 4.62 mm in the 2% addition group, 4.63 mm in the 4% addition group, 4.52 mm in the 6% addition group, and 3.80 mm in the 8% addition group. It was significantly (p < 0.001) decreased as the amount of addition increased.
In this study, hardness, cohesiveness, and springiness values were significantly decreased whereas adhesiveness and chewiness values were significantly increased as the amount of addition increased. A black ginger study showed that hardness and springiness were significantly increased while the adhesiveness was significantly decreased as the amount of addition increased 32. In case of Yam powder yanggaeng, its hardness, cohesiveness, and springiness were significantly decreased as the amount of addition increased 29. In a black ginger yanggaeng study, Hardness is made difference of moisture contents that subsidiary materials ownself water binding power get high absorptivity of water 32. According to a previous study on preparation and characterization of gel food for elderly, the elderly preferred gel-type foods that were not too hard, having elasticity that could be chewed, and having low adhesion 33. Accordingly, Pinus koraiensis needle extract powder yanggaeng in this study is considered to be suitable for the palatability of the elderly.
3.3. Antioxidative Activity Measurement of YanggaengTable 5 shows results of antioxidative activity measurement of Yanggaeng added with Pinus Koraiensis needle extract powder. The polyphenol content was 8.02 mg/mL in the control group, 17.18 mg/mL in the 2% addition group, 13.92 mg/mL in the 4% addition group, 33.38 mg/mL in the 6% addition group, and 46.35 mg/mL in the 8% addition group. The 8% addition group had the highest (p < 0.001) polyphenol content. DPPH radical scavenging activity was 3.17% in control group, 17.77% in 2% addition group, 31.56% in 4% addition group, 39.02% in the 6% addition group, and 433.59% in the 8% addition group. It was increased (p < 0.001) as the amount of addition increased. ABTS radical scavenging activity was 3.58% in control group, 36.05% in 6% addition group, 41.44% in 4% addition group, 43.97% in 6% addition group, and 48.22% in 8% addition group. It was increased (p < 0.001) as the amount of addition increased.
In this study, polyphenol increased significantly as the amount of addition increased except for the 4% addition level. ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities were also increased significantly as the amount of addition increased.
In addition, a study on Lycii fructus extract yanggaeng 34 and a study on moringa leaf powder yanggaeng 26 showed that polyphenol content and DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activies were increased significantly as the amount of addition increased. Pinus koraiensis needle has ingredients such as astragalin, (+)-catechin juglanin, gallic acid, kaempferol, p-coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid, quercetin, syringic acid, vanillic acid, and so on 17, 18. Pinus koraiensis needle extract has a high inhibitory effect on hyaluronidase. It can help suppress inflammation 16. In addition, like moringa leaf yanggaeng, Pinus koraiensis needle extract shows antioxidative activity even after yanggaeng is manufactured. It appears to be involved in free radical scavenging ability and reducing power 26.
3.4. Sensory Preference Results of YanggaengTable 6 shows results of sensory preference for Yanggaeng added with Pinus Koraiensis needle extract powder. The color was 3.07 in control group, 5.00 in the 2% addition group, 4.73 in the 4% addition group, 4.53 in the 6% addition group, and 4.40 in the 8% addition group. The 2% addition group had the highest color value. The color value (p = 0.006) was significantly decreased as the amount of addition increased. The flavor value was 2.67 in control group, 4.07 in 2% addition group, 4.40 in the 4% addition group, 3.80 in the 6% addition group, and 3.27 in the 8% addition group. The 4% addition group had the highest flavor value while the 8% addition group had the lowest flavor value. They showed no significant difference. The texture value was 3.47 in control group, 3.60 in the 2% addition group, 3.73 in the 4% addition group, 3.47 in the 6% addition group, and 3.33 in the 8% addition group. The 4% addition group had the highest texture value while the 8% addition group had the lowest texture value. They showed no significant difference. The taste value was 3.00 in control group, 3.93 in the 2% addition group, 3.67 in the 4% addition group, 2.93 in the 6% addition group, and 2.47 in the 8% addition group. The 2% addition group had the highest taste value while the 8% addition group had the lowest taste value, showing no significant difference between the two. The overall preference was 3.53 in control group, 3.80 in the 2% addition group, 3.20 in the 4% addition group, 2.33 in the 6% addition group, and 1.67 in the 8% addition group. It was significantly (p < 0.001) increased as the amount of addition increased.
In this study, the 8% addition group had the lowest flavor, texture, and taste, although they did not show a significant difference. Color and overall preference values were the highest in the 2% addition group. They were significantly decreased as the amount of addition increased. In the case of mugwort powder yanggaeng, color value was the highest in the 2% addition group. The overall preference was also the highest in the 2% addition group 35. In the case of dropwort powder yanggaeng, color was high in the 1% and the 2% addition group. Overall preference was the highest in the 2% addition group 27. Thus, preference of yanggaeng that made strong scented subsidiary materials significantly decreased as the amount of addition increased.
This study was performed in an attempt to develop a functional snack for the elderly that would be easy to chew using Pinus koraiensis needle extract powder known to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antibacterial effects. Yanggaeng was prepared with 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, or 8% of pinus koraiensis needle extract powder. Moisture contents, color value, texture characteristics, antioxidant activities, and sensory preference were evaluated. Moisture content was the highest in the 6% addition group and the lowest in the 8% addition group, showing a significant (p < 0.001) difference between the two. The L-value of color value in the control group was higher than that of the addition group. The 8% addition group had the lowest L-value. They showed a significant difference (p < 0.001). The a-value of color value was the highest in the 2% addition group and the lowest in the 8% addition group. They showed a significant (p = 0.003) difference. The b-value of color value was the highest in the 2% addition group. It was the lowest I the 8% addition group. They showed a significant difference (p < 0.001). The hardness, cohesiveness, and springiness of texture characteristics were decreased significantly as the amount of addition increased (p < 0.001). However, the adhesiveness and chewiness of texture characteristics analyses showed increases significantly as the amount of addition increased (p < 0.001). Polyphenol content in the antioxidative activity measurement showed that the 8% addition group had the highest polyphenol content (p < 0.001). DPPH and ABTS antioxidative activities were increased significantly (p < 0.001) as the amount of addition increased. Color value of sensory preference results showed the 2% addition group had the highest color value. It decreased as the amount of addition increase (p = 0.006). Flavor and texture of sensory preference results showed the 4% addition group was the highest while the 8% addition group was the lowest. They did not show a significant difference. Sensory preference results showed the 2% addition group had the highest preference while the 8% addition group had the lowest. They did not show a significant difference. Overall preference of sensory preference results showed the 2% addition group had the highest preference. The preference decreased as the amount of addition increased (p < 0.001).
The elderly that more than half of those aged over 65 years have mastication inconvenience 9. They have low energy intake, nutrient intake, and high preference for light taste 10. So, It is necessary to develop snacks that are light taste, easy to chew, nutritional. Yanggaeng is high-energy food, has a soft texture, and is highly utilized as a snack for the elderly with to mastication inconvenience 14. Also, It is a Korean traditional snack 32 that is familiar to the elderly, and is thought to be less repulsive.
As a results, It is judged that there is a possibility of developing it as an easy to chewing and familiar snack for the elderly to improved antioxidability with pinus koraiensis needle extract powder.
Based on results of this study, supplementation with Pinus koraiensis needle extract powder could be used to prepare functional snacks for the elderly due to antioxidant and antibacterial effects of Pinus koraiensis needle extract powder, thus improving the quality characteristics of yanggaeng during manufacturing.
This research was financially supported by the Ministry of SMEs and Startups(MSS), Korea, under the “Regional Specialized Industry Development Program (R&D, S3004306)” supervised by the Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology(KIAT).
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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