This study presents a novel analogy for the Higgs mass-generation mechanism, based on the hypothesis of the photon as an electric dipole in combined motions, a rotation and a linear uniform motion perpendicular to its rotational axis. Within this framework, photon interaction occurs through two distinct chemical bonding modes: a side-by-side (-bond) or a head-to-tail (-bond) configuration, resulting in the formation of a quadrupole. The subsequent collision of these quadrupoles with ambient photons and their resulting decomposition provides a theoretical visualization for the production of cosmic rays. Furthermore, this chemical bonding analysis identifies specific candidates for dark matter and dark energy, effectively integrating mass generation, cosmic ray origins, and dark energy into a unified model of photon interaction. By deriving matter's mass-generation mechanism from these interactions, the study concludes that mass is inherently quantized, mirroring the fundamental quantization of energy
| [1] | M.A. Schwartz, Quantum Field Theory and the Standard Model, Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978-1-107-03473-0, c2014. |
| [2] | F. Englert; R. Brout, “Broken symmetry and the mass of gauge vector mesons”. Physical Review letters. 13(9): p 321-323(1964).View Article |
| [3] | P. Higgs, “Broken symmetries and the messes of gauge bosons”. Physical Review letters. 13(16): p 508-509(1964).View Article |
| [4] | G. Guralink; C.R. Hagan; T.W.B. Kibble, “Global conservation laws and massless particles”. Physical Review letters. 13(20): p585-587(1964).View Article |
| [5] | J. Goldstone, “Field theories with superconductor solution”. Nuovo Cimento. 19: p 154-164(1961). View Article |
| [6] | J. Goldstone; A. Salam; S. Weinberg, “Broken Symmetries”. Phys. Rev. 127: p965-970(1962).View Article |
| [7] | P.W. Anderson, “Plasmons, Gauge Invariance, and Mass”. Phys. Rev. 130: p 439-442(1963).View Article |
| [8] | R.A. Serway, J.W. Jewett, Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, Philadelphia: Saunders College Pub., ISBN-13: 978-1-133-95405-7. c2012. |
| [9] | M.C. Malley, Radioactivity: A History of a Mysterious Science, Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0-19-976641-3.c2011. |
| [10] | J. North, Cosmos: An Illustrated History of Astronomy and Cosmology. The University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 978-0-226-59441-5. c2008. |
| [11] | T. Wulf, “Observations of radiation of high penetration power at the Eiffel tower”. Physikalische Zeitschrift(in German). 11: p 811-813(1910). |
| [12] | D. Pacini, “Penetrating Radiation at the Surface of and in Water”. II Nuovo Cimento. 3(1): p 93-100(1912).View Article |
| [13] | V.F. Hess, “On observation of penetrating radiation during seven free balloon flights”. Physikalische Zeitschrift (in German). 13: p 1084-1091(1912). |
| [14] | W. Kolhöster, “Measurements of the penetrating radiation in a free balloon at high altitudes”. Physikalische Zeitschrift (in German). 14: p 1153-1156(1913). |
| [15] | W. Kolhöster, “Measurements of the penetrating radiation up to height of 9300 m”. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft (in German). 16: p 719-721(1914). |
| [16] | M. Potgieter, “Solar Modulation of Cosmic Rays”. Living Reviews in Solar Physics. 10(1): 3(2013).View Article |
| [17] | S. Sharma, Atomic and Nuclear Physics. Pearson Education India, ISBN: 978-81-317-1924-4. c2008. |
| [18] | Y. Sekido; T. Masuda; S. Yoshida; M. Wada, “The Crab Nebula as an observed point source of cosmic rays”. Physical REview. 83(3): p 658-659(1951).View Article |
| [19] | B.B. Rossi, Cosmic Rays. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0-07-053890-0. c1964. |
| [20] | I. Morison, Introduction to Astronomy and Cosmology. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 978-0-470-03334-3. c2008. |
| [21] | A.G. Riess; A.V. Filippenko; P. Challis; A. Clocchiattia; A. Diercks; P.M. Garnavich; R.L. Gilliland; C.J. Hogan; S. Jha; R.P. Kirshner; B. Leibundgut; M.M. Phillips; D. Reiss; B.P. Schmidt; R.A. Schommer; R.C. Smith; J. Spyromilio; C. Stubbs; N.B. Suntzeff; J. Tonry, “Observational evidence from supernovae for an accelerating universe and a cosmological constant”. Astronomical Journal. 116(3): p 1009-1038(1998).View Article |
| [22] | S. Perlmutter, et al. “Measurements of Omega and Lambda from 42 high redshift supernovae”. Astrophysical Journal. 517(2): p 565-586(1999). |
| [23] | G. Paal; I. Horvath; B. Lukacs, “Inflation and compactification from galaxy redshift”. Astrophysical and Space Science. 191(1): p 107-124(1992).View Article |
| [24] | D. Huterer, “Growth of Cosmic Structure”. The Astronomy and Astrophysical Review. 31(1): 2(2023).View Article |
| [25] | A.I. Lonappan; S. Kumar; R. Ruchika; B.R. Dinda; A.A. Sen, “Bayesian Evidences for dark energy models in light of current observational data”. Physical Review D. 97(4): 043524(2018).View Article |
| [26] | P.A.R. Ade, et al. “Planck 2013 Results. I. Overview of products and scientific results”. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 571: A1. arXiv:1303.5062(2014).View Article |
| [27] | P.J. Steinhardt; N.Turok, “Why the cosmological constant is small and positive”. Science. 312(5777): p 1180-1183(2006).View Article PubMed |
| [28] | D.N. Spergel, et al. “Three-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Prob (WMAP) Observation: Implication for Cosmology”. Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 170(2): p 377-408(2007).View Article |
| [29] | Zhonglin BO, “On the Motions of the Photon as an Electric Dipole and the Exploration of the Origin of Mass and Gravitation-Spinvector Motion III”. International Journal of Physics, 12(3): p95-105(2024).View Article |
| [30] | Zhonglin BO, “On the Motions of the Photon as an Electric Dipole and A New Interpretation of the Dirac Equation- Spinvector Motion V”. International Journal of Physics, 13(6): p124-130(2025).View Article |
| [31] | Zhonglin BO, “Is the String Theory Still Alive? Exploration of the Mass of Photon and THe Origin of Matter”. International Journal of Physics, 10(2): p88-92(2022). |
| [32] | P. Salucci, “The distribution of dark matter in galaxies”. The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review, 27(1): p1-60(2019).View Article |
| [33] | D. Clowe, M. Bradac, A.H. Gonzalez, M. Markevich, S.W. Randall, C. Jones, D. Zaritsky, “A Direct Empirical Proof of the Existence of Dark Matter”. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 648(2): L109-L113 (2006).View Article |
| [34] | A. Refregier, “Weak gravitational lensing by large-scale structure”. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 41(1): p645-668(2003).View Article |
| [35] | Joseph Silk, The Big Bang: Third Edition. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN: 978-0-8050-7256-3. c2000. |
| [36] | P.J. Fox, G. Jung, P. Sorensen, W. Neal, “Dark matter in light of LUX”. Physical Review D. 89(10): 103526(2014).View Article |
| [37] | G. Jungman, M. Kamionkowski, K. Griest, “Supersymmetric dark matter”. Physics Reports, 267(5-6): p195-373(1996).View Article |
| [38] | M. Bauer, M. Neubert, A. Thamm, “Collider Probes of Axion-like Particles”. Journal of High Energy Physics, 12:44(2017). : .View Article |
| [39] | R. Feynman. “Space-Time Approach to Quantum Electrodynamics”. Physical Review. 76(6): p 769-789(1949).View Article |
| [40] | V.M. Simulik, “The Dirac equation near centenary: a contemporary introduction to the Dirac equation consideration”. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, 58(2025)053001.View Article |
| [41] | V. Simulik, D.I. Bondar, “The Mass and Velocity of Light from Energy and Momentum Conservation”, arXiv 2509.12477(2025) |
| [42] | Monograph of Schwinger reproduced by his co-author in reproduction. K. Milton, J. Schwinger, Classical Electrodynamics, second edition, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis group, New York. ISBN: 978-0367502072, c2024. |