The present study aims to determine the chemical composition, nutritional evaluation and bioactive compounds content of agricultural ruminant's (sweet potato leaves powder, SPLP, and cauliflower leaves powder, CLP). Also, application in the manufacture of the Egyptian Balady bread by partially replacing wheat flour will be in the scope of this investigation. The contents of moisture, total protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash and carbohydrates content were 8.02, 3.89, 0.81, 5.72, 2.14 and 79.42% (for SPLP) and 7.59, 7.58, 1.97, 10.07, 2.83 and 69.96% (for CLP), respectively. Also, minerals analysis of SPLP and CLP showed that it is rich in different estimated effectual elements including K, P, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Se. Furthermore, SPLP and CLP are rich in various bioactive compounds content including dietary fiber, total phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids, carotene, total anthocyanin's, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The mixing of SPLP and CLP (20%) to wheat flour leads to increase all the assayed minerals, all assayed bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. For rheological properties, the incorporating of SPLP and CLP (20%) in dough increased the all farinograph parameters including the water absorption, arrival time, dough development time, dough stability and degree of softening. Also, all extensograph parameters were increased including the elasticity, extensibility, proportional number and energy. Sensory evaluation parameters including colour, taste and flavor, mouth feel and overall acceptability were not significantly different between the control and plant parts incorporated Balady bread. In conclusion, SPLP and CLP could play important roles in strategies to contribute a major role to bridging the nutritional gap and improving the quality parameters, which is the bread industry as a partial substitute for flour. Therefore, the present study recommended like of that SPLP and CLP to be included in food processing and therapeutic nutrition applications.
| [1] | FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), (2016). Climate change, agriculture and food security. Rome, Italy, ISBN: 978-92-5-109374-0 (http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6030e.pdf). |
| [2] | Sayed Ahmed, S. (2016). Nutritional and technological studies on the effect of phytochemicals on obesity injuries and their related diseases by using experimental animals" Ph.D. Thesis in Home Economics (Nutrition and Food Science), Faculty of Specific Education, Port Said University, Egypt. |
| [3] | Elhassaneen, Y. Sherif R. and Mashal, R. (2016). Improvement of Bioactive Compounds Content and Antioxidant Properties in Crackers with the Incorporation of Prickly Pear and Potato Peels Powder. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 5 (1): 53-61.View Article |
| [4] | Ahmed, M. S. (2019). Utilization of by-products of food industries in biscuits production. M.Sc. Thesis in Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. |
| [5] | Elhassaneen, Y., Ghada ELBassouny, Omar Emam, & Fatma A. Alsobky (2024). Brown Algae is a Natural Source Rich in Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds: Application in Balady Bread. American Journal of Food Science and Technology, 12(4): 120-132.View Article |
| [6] | Vasso, O. & Constantina, T., (2007): Utilization of Plant By-Products for the Recovery of Proteins, Dietary Fibers, Antioxidants, and Colorants. In: Utilization of By-Products and Treatment of Waste in the Food Industry. Ed. By: Vasso Oreopoulou and Winfried Russ. Springer ScienceBusiness Media, LLC, pp. 209–232. |
| [7] | Badawy, R. M. (2017). The effect of phytochemical extracts of some plant parts in liver cancer initiation induced by benzo (a) pyrene. Ph.D. Thesis in Nutrition and Farchood Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Minoufiya University, Fhebin El-Kom, Egypt. |
| [8] | Hallabo, S., Helmy, S. A., Elhassaneen, Y. & Shaaban, M. (2018). Utilization of mango, onion and potato peels as sources of bioactive compounds in biscuits processing". BIOSCIENCE RESEARCH, 15(4): 3647-3657. |
| [9] | Elbasouny, G., Shehata, N. & Elhassaneen, Y. 2019. Feeding of some selected food industries by-products induced changes in oxidants/antioxidant status, lipids profile, glucose and immunological parameters of blood obese rats. The 6th Scientific and 4th International Conference "The Future of Specific Education and people with Special Needs in Light of the Concept of Quality ", 24-26 February 2019, Faculty of Specific Education, Ain Sokhna University, El-Ain El-Soghna, Egypt. |
| [10] | Abdel Nabi, H. M. A.; E. I. El-Gamily & A. A. R. A. El-Amoushi (2020). Organic Fertilization and Foliar Application with some Microelements and Biostimulants Effects on Productivity and Quality of Cauliflower. J. of Plant Production, Mansoura Univ., 11 (1): 41 – 47.View Article |
| [11] | FAO (2019). Food and Agriculture Organization. Faostat, FAO Statistics Division, November, 2019. |
| [12] | Elhassaneen, Y. A.; Emad M. El-Kholie, Amal N. Zaki & Hend A. Yassen (2018). Potential Effects of Cauliflower Leaves Powder on obese rats. Proceeding of the Annual Conference (13th Arab; 10th International), 11-12 April, Faculty of Specific Education, Mansoura University, " Higher Education in Egypt and the Arab World in the Light of Sustainable Development Strategies", Mansoura, Egypt. [http:// sefac.mans.edu.eg/ english/ mokatamar.htm]. |
| [13] | Lima, E. A. C.; Diré, G.; Mattos, D. M. M.; Freitas, R. S.; Gomes, M. L.; Oliveira, M. B. N.; Faria, M. V. C.; Jales, R. L. and Bernardo-Filho, M. 2002. Effect of an extract of cauliflower (leaf) on the labeling of blood elements with technetium-99m and on the survival of Escherichia coli AB1157 submitted to the treatment with stannous chloride. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 40, 7: 919-923.View Article PubMed |
| [14] | Kashaf, H. A. (2018). Effect of bioactive phytochemicals on obesity and its complications in rats. M.Sc. Thesis in Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Minoufiya University, Egypt. |
| [15] | Aywa, K. & Nyambaka, H. M. (2013). Nutrient variation in colored varieties of Ipomea batatas grown in Vihiga County, Western Kenya. International Food Research Journal, 20(2): 819-825. |
| [16] | FAO Production Year book, (2005): hendry.ifas.ufl.edu. Rome, Italy. |
| [17] | Tian, S. J., Rickard, J. E. & Blanshard. N. K. (1991).Physicochemical properties of sweet potato starch. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 57(4): 459–491.View Article |
| [18] | Coghlan, A, (2012). Nutrient-boosted foods protect against blindness. New Scientist, Health. |
| [19] | Wang, S., Nie, S. & Zhu, F. (2016). Chemical constituents and health effects of sweet potato Food Res. Int. 89: 90–116.View Article PubMed |
| [20] | Sun, H., Mu, T., Xi, L. & Song, Z. (2014). Effects of domestic cooking methods on polyphenols and antioxidant activity of sweet potato leaves. J. Agric. Food Chem. 62: 8982–8989.View Article PubMed |
| [21] | Sun, H., Mu, T., Xi, L., Zhang, M. & Chen, J. (2014). Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) leaves as nutritional and functional foods. Food Chem. 2014, 156, 380–389.View Article PubMed |
| [22] | Nguyen, H.C., Chen, C.-C., Lin, K.-H., Chao, P.-Y., Lin, H.-H. & Huang, M.-Y. (2021). Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidants, and Health Benefits of Sweet Potato Leaves. Molecules, 26: 1820.View Article PubMed |
| [23] | Mohanraj, R. & Sivasankar, S. (2014). Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam) - A valuable medicinal food: A review J. Med. Food 17: 733–41.View Article PubMed |
| [24] | Dzah C S, Duan Y, Zhang H, Wen C, Zhang J, Chen G & Ma H 2020 The effects of ultrasound assisted extraction on yield, antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial activity of polyphenol extracts: A review, Food Biosci. 35: 100547.View Article |
| [25] | Gharib, M. A. Abd Elalal, N.S. & Elhassaneen, Y.A. (2022). A Study of the Correlation Between Dyslipidemia and Iron Deficiency Anemia in Egyptian Adult Subjects. Alexandria Science Exchange Journal, 43, (1): 44-63.View Article |
| [26] | A.O.A.C. (1995). Official Methods of the Association of Official analytical Chemists” 16 th Ed. Published by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Arlington, Virginia, VA. |
| [27] | Insel, P., Turner, R.E. &Ross, D.2002.Nutrition.Jones and Bartlett pub., Inc. USA. |
| [28] | RDA (1989). Recommended Dietary Allowances, Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Series, National Research Council, U.S.A. |
| [29] | Singh, K., Sundarro, K., Tinkerame, J., Kaluwin, C. & Matsuoka, T. (1991). Lipid content fatty acid anid mineral composition of Mud Crabs (Seylla serrata) from Papua new Guinea. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 4 (3): 276 – 280.View Article |
| [30] | Marco, G. (1968). A rapid method for evaluation of antioxidants. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 45: 594-598.View Article |
| [31] | Singleton, V. & Rossi, J. (1965). Colorimetry of Total Phenolic Compounds with Phosphomolybdic-Phosphotungstic Acid Reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16, 144-158.View Article |
| [32] | Wolfe, K., Wu, X. & Liu, R.H. (2003). Antioxidant activity of apple peels. J Agric Food Chem. 51:609–614.View Article PubMed |
| [33] | Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T. & Jianming, W. (1999). The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry 64 (4): 555-559.View Article |
| [34] | Litchenthaler, H.K. (1987). Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods in Enzymology, 148: 350-383.View Article |
| [35] | Bangbang, W., Xiaohua, L., Xingwei, Z., Jiajia, Z., Ling, Q., Jun Z. (2022). "A simple and robust HPLC method to analyze lutein in wheat". MethodsX, 9, 101926.View Article PubMed |
| [36] | Sukwattanasinit,T., Burana-Osot, J., & Sotanaphun,U. (2007) Spectrophotometric method for quantitative determination of total anthocyanins and quality characteristics of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa). Planta Med. 73(14): 1517-22.View Article PubMed |
| [37] | Nagata, N. & Yamashita, I., (1992). Simple method for simultaneous determination of chlorophyll and carotenoids in tomato fruit. J. Japan. Soc. Food Sci. Technol. 39: 925-928.View Article |
| [38] | Larrauri, J., Ruperez, P., Borroto, B. & Saura-Calixto, F. (1996). Mango peels as a new tropical fibre: preparation and characterization. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft– Food Science and Technology, 29(8): 729–733.View Article |
| [39] | A.A.C.C. (1969). Approved Methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemists. Published by American Association of Cereal Chemists. Ins. St. Paul. Minnesota, MI. USA. |
| [40] | ISO 5530-1:2013, ISO International Standard Organizartion (2013). Wheat flour — Physical characteristics of doughs Part 1: Determination of water absorption and rheological properties using a farinograph. ISO 5530-1:2013, 3rd Edition, pp 1-26. |
| [41] | ISO norm 712. 2009, ISO International Standard Organizartion (2009). Cereals and cereal products — Determination of moisture content - Reference method. ISO norm 712. 2009. |
| [42] | Nakachi, S. Tokeshi, A. Takamatsu, R., Arakaki, K. Uehara, M., Iguchi, A. Taira, J. & Yoshimi, N. (2016). The modifying effects of the extract from Okinawan sweet potato leaves in mouse colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 76: 840.View Article |
| [43] | Sasaki, K., Oki, T., Kai, Y., Nishiba, Y. & Okuno, S. (2015). Effect of repeated harvesting on the content of caffeic acid and seven species of caffeoylquinic acids in sweet potato leaves. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 79: 1308–1314.View Article PubMed |
| [44] | Kurata, R., Adachi, M.; Yamakawa, O. & Yoshimoto, M. (2007). Growth suppression of human cancer cells by polyphenolics from sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.) leaves. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55, 185–190.View Article PubMed |
| [45] | Elhassaneen, Y.A. & Abd Elhady, Y.A. (2014). Relationship between antioxidant activity and total phenolics in selected vegetables, fruits, herbs and spices commonly consumed in Egypt. J Am Sci., 10(6):74-86]. |
| [46] | Mashal, R. M. (2016). Technological and chemical studies on the fortification of pakery products with phytochemicals. Ph.D. Thesis in Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Minoufiya University, Egypt. |
| [47] | Fayez, S.; Sayed-Ahmed, S. & Elhassaneen, Y. (2021). Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of brown algae collected from the shores of the Egyptian seas. Port Saied Specific Research Journal (PSSRJ), 14 (2): 645-665. |
| [48] | Elhassaneen, Y. A., Abd El-Rahman, A. N. & El-Samouny, S. H. (2021). Potential Protective Effects of Cauliflower Leaves and Prickly Pear Fruits Skin on Liver Disorders Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride in Rats. Journal of Home Economics, 32 (1): 19-42. |
| [49] | Abdel rahmam, M., B. (2022). Chemical, nutritional and technological studies on brown algae and its biological effects on obesity disease complication. M.Sc.Thesis in Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Specific Education, Benha University, Benha, Egypt. |
| [50] | Gad Alla, H. M. H. (2023). Phytochemical composition and biological activities of brown algae: applications on obesity complications in experimental rats " MSc. Thesis in Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Minoufiya University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt. |
| [51] | El-Hawary, M. M. H. (2022). Studies on the potential effects of brown algae (Sargassum subrepandum) on hyperglycemia and oxidative stress induced by alloxan in diabetic rats ", MSc. Thesis in Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Specific Education, Benha University, Benha, Egypt.. |
| [52] | Elhassaneen Y. A., Nasef, A. Z., Arafa, R.S. & Bayomi, A. I. (2023). Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) extract and their potential roles in the prevention of diet-induced obesity complications. American Journal of Food Science and Technology, 11(3): 70-85.View Article |
| [53] | Nour ElDeen, A. A. (2023). Potential effects of refrigeration processes on bioactive compounds content and biological activities of leafy vegetables " MSc. Thesis in Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Minoufiya University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt. |
| [54] | Zhang, L., Wang, H., Wen, Q.H. & Huang, T. (2016). Antioxidant activities and polyphenols of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) leaves extracted with solvents of various polarities. Food Biosci. 15: 11–18.View Article |
| [55] | Chandalia, M., Garg, A., Lutjohann, D., von Bergmann, k.; Grundy, S.M. & Brinkley, L.J. (2000). Beneficial effect of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The New England Journal of Medicine. 342:1392-1398.View Article PubMed |
| [56] | Al-Weshahy, A. & Rao, V. (2012). Potato Peel as a Source of Important Phytochemical Antioxidant Nutraceuticals and Their Role in Human Health - A Review, Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals – Global Approaches to Their Role in Nutrition and Health, Dr Venketeshwer Rao (Ed.), InTech, Rijeka, Croatia.View Article |
| [57] | Pereira,M.A., O’Reilly, E. & Augustsson, K.. (2004). Dietary fiber and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. Arch Intern Med. 164:370-6.View Article PubMed |
| [58] | Elhassaneen, Y. Sherif Ragab, Alaa El-Beltagi & Abeer Emad (2013). Mango peel powder: A potential source of phenolics, carotenoids and dietary fiber in Biscuits preparations. 2nd International-16 th Arab Conference of Home Economics "Home Economics in the Service of Industry" 10-11 September, 2013, Faculty of Home Economics. Menoufia University, Egypt. Journal of Home Economics (Special issue), 23(4): 1-16. [https://mkas.journals.ekb.eg/?lang=en] [ISSN 1110-2578]. |
| [59] | McKeown, N.M., Meigs J.B., Liu S/, Wilson, P.W. & Jacques, P.F. (2002). Whole-grain intake is favorably associated with metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Offspring Study. Am J Clin Nutr., 76:390-8.View Article PubMed |
| [60] | Ismail, N., Elhassaneen, Y, A. & ElKholey, H. M. (2024). Effect of Mixing Date Seed Powder with Wheat Flour on the Rheological Parameters, Nutrients, Bioactive Compounds Content, and Antioxidant Activity of the Egyptian Balady Bread. Alexandria Science Exchange Journal., ): 455-477.View Article |
| [61] | Farvid MS, Eliassen AH, Cho E, Liao X, Chen WY, Willett WC. (2016): Dietary fiber intake in young adults and breast cancer risk. Pediatrics 137(3): 101.View Article PubMed |
| [62] | Fung, T.T., Hu, F.B. & Pereira, M.A,. (2002). Whole-grain intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 76:535-40.View Article PubMed |
| [63] | Schulze, M.B., Liu, S., Rimm, E.B., Manson, J.E., Willett, W.C. & Hu, F.B. (2004). Glycemic index, glycemic load, and dietary fiber intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr. 80:348-56.View Article PubMed |
| [64] | Orchard T.S., Larson J.C, Alghothani N., Bout-Tabaku S., Cauley J.A., Chen Z, LaCroix A.Z., Wactawski-Wende J. & Jackson R.D. (2014).Magnesium intake, bone mineral density, and fractures: results from the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 99(4): 926-33.View Article PubMed |
| [65] | Mount, D.B. & Zandi-Nejad K. 2011. "Disorders of potassium balance". In Taal, M.W., Chertow, G.M., Marsden, P.A., Skorecki, K.L. and Yu,A.S., Brenner BM (eds.). The kidney (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 640–688. ISBN 978-1-4557-2304-1.View Article |
| [66] | Malnic,G., Giebisch, G., Muto, S., Wang, W., Baile,y M.A.and Satlin, L.M. (2013). Regulation of K+ excretion". In Alpern RJ, Caplan MJ, Moe OW (eds.). Seldin and Giebisch's the kidney: physiology and pathophysiology (5th ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. 1659–1716. ISBN 978-0-12-381463-0.View Article |
| [67] | Weiner, I.D., Linus, S. & Wingo, C.S. (2014). Disorders of potassium metabolism. In Freehally J, Johnson RJ, Floege J (eds.). Comprehensive clinical nephrology (5th ed.). St. Louis: Saunders. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-323-24287-5. |
| [68] | IMUS (2011). Institute of Medicine Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D Calcium, Ross, A. C., Taylor, C. L., Yaktine, A. L., Del Valle, H. B., ch. 5. Dietary Reference Intakes. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press. pp. 345–402. |
| [69] | Balk, E.M., Adam, G.P., Langberg, V.N., Earley, A., Clark, P., Ebeling, P.R., Mithal, A., Rizzoli, R., Zerbini, C.A., Pierroz, D.D. & Dawson-Hughes, B. (2017). Global dietary calcium intake among adults: a systematic review. Osteoporosis International. 28 (12): 3315–24.View Article PubMed |
| [70] | Institute of Medicine, (1997). Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 1997. |
| [71] | Forrest, H.N. (2000). Importance of making dietary recommendations for elements designated as nutritionally beneficial, pharmacologically beneficial, or conditioinally essentia. In: Special Issue:Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease: An Update, The Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine, 13 (1), 113-129.View Article |
| [72] | Lipinski, B. (2005). Rationale for the treatment of cancer with sodium selenite. Medical Hypotheses, 64 (4): 806-810.View Article PubMed |
| [73] | Nazanin A., Richard H. & Roya K. (2014). Review on iron and its importance for human health. J Res Med Sci. 19(2): 164–174. |
| [74] | Edward H. D. (2020). "Cellular copper transport and metabolism". Annual Review of Nutrition. 20 (1): 291–310.View Article PubMed |
| [75] | Institute of Medicine, (2001). Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc: a Report of the Panel on Micronutrients. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2001. |
| [76] | Prakash A, Bharti K, Majeed AB (2015). "Zinc: indications in brain disorders". Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 29 (2), 131–149.View Article PubMed |
| [77] | Schroeder, H. A., Frost, D. V. & Balassa, J. J. (1970). Essential trace metals in man: Selenium". Journal of Chronic Diseases. 23 (4): 227–243.View Article PubMed |
| [78] | Li, L. & Yang, X. (2018). The Essential Element Manganese, Oxidative Stress, and Metabolic Diseases: Links and Interactions. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 5; 2018: 7580707.View Article PubMed |
| [79] | Chen, C.M.; Li, S.C.; Lin, Y.L.; Hsu, C.Y.; Shieh, M.J. & Liu, J.F. (2005). Consumption of purple sweet potato leaves modulates human immune response: T-lymphocyte functions, lytic activity of natural killer cell and antibody production. World J. Gastroenterol. 11: 5777–5781.View Article PubMed |
| [80] | Nagai, M., Tani, M., Kishimoto, Y., Iizuka, M., Saita, E., Toyozaki, M., Kamiya, T., Ikeguchi, M. & Kondo, K. (2011). Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) leaves suppressed oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in vitro and in human subjects. J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr., 48: 203–208.View Article PubMed |
| [81] | Ezekiel, R., Singh, N., Sharma, S. & Kaur, A. (2013). Beneficial phytochemicals in potato—A review. Food Res. Int., 50: 487–496.View Article |
| [82] | Fidrianny, I., Windyaswari, A.S. & Wirasutisna, K.R. (2013). DPPH scavenging activity of various extracts of sweet potatoes leaves with varying tubers colors. Inter. J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 3: 133–145. |
| [83] | Kwak, C.S., Lee, K.J., Chang, J.H., Park, J.H., Cho, J.H., Park, J.H., Kim, K.M. & Lee, M.S. (2013). In vitro antioxidant, anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extracts from Korean sweet potato leaves and stalks. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 42: 369–377.View Article |
| [84] | Wang, X., Jiang, C., Zhang, Y., Gong, Y., Chen, X. & Zhang, M., (2014). Role of Lutein Supplementation in the Management of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Ophthalmic Res., 52: 198-205.View Article PubMed |
| [85] | Wang, W., Li, J., Wang, Z., Gao, H., Su, L., Xie, J. Chen, X.; Liang, H., Wang, C., Han, Y. (2014). Oral hepatoprotective ability evaluation of purple sweet potato anthocyanins on acute and chronic chemical liver injuries. Cell Biochem. Biophys. 69: 539–548.View Article PubMed |
| [86] | Aly, A., Elbassyouny, G.M. & Elhassaneen, Y.A. (2017). Studies on the antioxidant properties of vegetables processing by-products extract and their roles in the alleviation of health complications caused by diabetes in rats. Proceeding of the 1st International Conference of the Faculty of Specific Education, Kafrelsheikh University, “Specific Sciences, their Developmental Role and Challenges of Labor Market” 24-27 October, 2017, PP 1-24, Sharm ElSheikh, Egypt. |
| [87] | Abd Elalal, N.S. El Seedy, G. M. & Elhassaneen, Y. A. (2021). Chemical Composition, Nutritional Value, Bioactive Compounds Content and Biological Activities of the Brown Alga (Sargassum Subrepandum) Collected from the Mediterranean Sea, Egypt. Alexandria Science Exchange Journal, 42, (4): 893-906.View Article |
| [88] | Camire M.E., Zhao J. & Violette D.A. (1993): In vitro binding of bile acids by extruded potato peels. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 41(12): 2391-2394.View Article |
| [89] | Tosh, S. & Yada, S. (2010). Dietary fibres in pulse seeds and fractions: Characterization, functional attributes, and applications. . 43(2): 450-460.View Article |
| [90] | Bernstein, P.S., Li, B. & Vachali P.P., (2016). Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and meso-Zeaxanthin: The Basic and Clinical Science Underlying Carotenoid-based Nutritional Interventions against Ocular Disease. Progress in retinal and eye research. 50: 34-66.View Article PubMed |
| [91] | Ma, L., Liu, R., Du, J.H., Liu, T., Wu, S.S. & Liu, X.H., (2016). Lutein, Zeaxanthin and Meso-zeaxanthin Supplementation Associated with Macular Pigment Optical Density. Nutrients. 8(7): 426.View Article PubMed |
| [92] | Kijlstra, A., Tian Y, Kelly, E.R. & Berendschot, T.T., (2012). Lutein: more than just a filter for blue light". Prog Retin Eye Res., 31(4):303-315.View Article PubMed |
| [93] | Niizu, P. Y. & Rodriguez-Amaya, D. B. (2005). New data on the carotenoids composition of raw salad vegetables. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 18: 739-749.View Article |
| [94] | Liu, Y. T., Perera, C. O., & Suresh, V., (2007). Comparison of three chosen vegetables with others from South East Asia for theit lutein and zeaxanthin content. Food Chemistry, 101: 1533-1539.View Article |
| [95] | Aly, A & Sadeek, R. 2018. Nutritional Properties, Bioactive compounds content and rheological Analysis of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) seeds flour: Application in Cake. Proceeding of the 2nd Scientific International Conference of the Faculty of Specific Education, Minia University, 14-15 April, Minia, Egypt. |
| [96] | Ashoush, I.S. & Gadallah, M.G. (2011). Utilization of Mango Peels and Seed Kernels Powders as Sources of Phytochemicals in Biscuit. World Journal of Dairy & Food Sciences. 6 (1): 35-42. |
| [97] | Ajila, C., Aalami, M., Leelavathi, K. & Prasada, R. (2010). Mango peel powder: A potential source of antioxidant and dietary fiber in macaroni preparations. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 11(1): 219-224.View Article |
| [98] | Nasr, W. M. (1998). Nutritional, chemical and rheological studies, on flour and its products infested with insects. M. Sc. Thesis in Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Minoufiya University, Egypt. |
| [99] | El-Sheikh, N. A. (1999). Nutritional and technological studies on fortification of some foods with whey “ M. Sc. Thesis in Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Minoufiya University, Egypt. |
| [100] | Mohammed, N. H. (2013). Chemical and technological studies on some food products supplemented with gum arabic " M.Sc. Thesis in Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt. |
| [101] | Swilm, A. G. (2022). Biochemical/Nutritional Studies of Oat (Avena sativa) and its Effects on Obesity Complications in Rats ". M.Sc. Thesis in Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Specific Education, Benha University, Benha, Egypt. |
| [102] | Broyart, B., Trystram, G. & Duquenoy, A. (1998). Predicting colour kinetics during cracker baking. Journal of Food Engineering, 35: 351-368.View Article |
| [103] | Brannan, G.L., Setser, C.S., Kemp, K.E., Seib, P.A. & Roozeboom, K. (2001). Sensory characteristics of grain sorghum hybrids with potential for use in human food. Cereal Chemistry, 78(6): 693-700.View Article |
