Figure 3.5. Taken from Paper “Adfreezing Stresses on Steel Piles, Thompson, Manitoba” by Penner, E. & Goodrich, L.E., Proceeding of Fourth International Conference – Permafrost, Fairbanks, Alaska, July 17-22, 1983 [7]. Average design adfreeze bond values for saturated gravel frozen to steel piles of 150kPa given by CFEM based on these test results

From

Adfreeze Forces on Lightly Loaded Pile Foundations of Solar PV Farms in Cold Regions

Kibriya T., Tahir L.

American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture. 2015, 3(4), 109-117 doi:10.12691/ajcea-3-4-1