Figure 3.4. Taken from Paper “Uplift Forces on foundations in frost heaving soils”, by Penner. E., Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Volume 11, No.3, 1974 [6]based on which CFEM values of Average Adfreeze bond of 65kPa for concrete and 100kPa for steel have been suggested in fine grained soils

From

Adfreeze Forces on Lightly Loaded Pile Foundations of Solar PV Farms in Cold Regions

Kibriya T., Tahir L.

American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture. 2015, 3(4), 109-117 doi:10.12691/ajcea-3-4-1