1. Background to the Study

Music production in Nigeria has over the years experienced some challenges and financial loss due to piracy and other acts that exert undue infringement on the copyright laws of the country. Adewopo ^[8] revealed that loss to copyright piracy alone apart from other forms of infringement amount to more than N100 billion annually.

Moreso, the US department of commerce in Ilukwe ^[9] estimated Nigeria to be the largest market in Africa for goods that infringe on intellectual property rights with about 80 percent of international music CDs and 40 percent of local music CDs copied, counterfeited and sold illegally.

Nigeria is the home to a rich and dynamic creative sector. Prominent among these are the Nollywood, the world’s third largest film industry with an annual revenue of between $200 to $300 million. Nigeria’s creative industries however stretch far beyond the film industry. This include activities ranging from music and publishing, to computer software and media broadcasting – each with enormous potential for growth. Preliminary data indicates that while Nigeria’s copyright – based industries are already contributing as much as 1.2 trillion naira (US $7.5 Billion) each year to the Nigerian Economy, they have the potential to contribute 5 and 10 percent annually. If we are to fully realize the potential of our creative industries and if Nigerians are to reap the multiple benefits inherent, we need to create an environment in which the rights of creators are respected – an environment with zero tolerance for piracy (^[6]:1).

Piracy is defined as the stealing or theft of another person’s intellectual property. Piracy according to Freitas ^[7] is defined as “the reproduction for the purpose of seeking a profit or otherwise, of the property of the copyright owner, without his permission”.

The use of the word piracy, originated from the activities of robbers (pirates) who attacked ships on the high seas and steal from them.

Houghton ^[8] defined it as “the unauthorized use or reproduction of copyrighted or patented material. Furthermore, Onwuegbuchi ^[15] viewed it as “a violation of copyright’s law or illegal duplication and distribution of sound recording or computer software. “Piracy is not a natural occurrence in the ordinary pursuit of creative people. It is a crime and a deliberate misappropriation of the fruit of another’s labour. It kills the creativity of creators” ^[1].

Who are they: Experts have highlighted that one major difficulty to the development of the industry is piracy. It has ripped off many producers, artists, marketers and stake holders. It has prevented the industry from rapid financial growth and advancing in major areas, due to low income from their intellectual materials. One begins to wonder who these pirates are. Where do they live? Some allege that they are the marketers, unauthorized producers while others say that there is a cartel domicile at the Onitsha head bridge market and in Alaba International market Lagos.

Of late, it was reported that some pastors have had their messages pirated and sold in large quantities to unknown worshippers. This had made some preachers to sensitize their members to beware of the church products they purchase ^[6]. In December 2007, Nigerian Copyright Commission (NCC) in a statement said that the film industry looses an estimated sum of four billion, two hundred million naira (N4,200,000,000) annually to illegal digital duplication, on-line piracy and unauthorized rental of video works within the country. Also a report by the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) in August 2008, estimated the total annual loss of the content industries Music, Software and Video to piracy within the nation to be well over one hundred billion naira (N100,000,000,000). This is really a great loss. (https://www.modernghana.com/movie/5793/3;22ndJuly,2015.)

Location: Enugu is usually referred to as Enugu state. To distinguish it from the city of Enugu or Enugu Urban was created on August 27 1991 with the city of Enugu as its capital. The state derives its name from the capital city which was established in 1912 as a small coal mining town, but later grew to become the capital of the former Eastern Region of Nigeria ^[11].

Enugu State consists of 17 Local government areas and they are:

• Aninri

• Awgu

• Enugu East

• Enugu North

• Enugu South

• Ezeagu

• Igbo Etiti

• Igbo Eze North

• Igbo Eze South

• Isi Uzo

• Nkanu East

• Nkanu West

• Nsukka

• Oji River

• Udenu

• Udi

• Uzo Uwani

Source: Nigeria National Bureau of Statistics.

Demographics:

Enugu State had a population of 3,267,837 people at the census of 2006 which was later estimated at over 3.8 million by 2012. It is the home of the Igbo people of southeastern Nigeria. Enugu urban covers three local government areas: Enugu East; Enugu North and Enugu South. Within the three local government areas which is the focus of this research, there are four major markets namely: Ogbete Main Market; Abakpa market, Kenyatta and Garriki markets.

Scope: The scope of this research covers the four main markets in the three local government areas plus the under mentioned radio station – Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN), Enugu State Broadcasting Service (ESBS) and Solid FM.

Marketers: Marketers herein represents persons or groups of persons who display or offer there articles for sale at retail outlets.

Awarawa: This is a nickname given to the fake or non-original articles that are found in the streets or in the markets.

Naija: This is a nickname used when one is referring to Nigeria, especially in the entertainment world.

The Copyright Act

On eligibility and qualification, the Copyright Act in its section one, named literary musical and artistic works, cinematography, films, sound recordings and broadcasts, eligible for copyright states as follows:

A. Literary, musical or artistic work shall not be eligible for copyright unless

a. Sufficient effort has been expended on making the work to give an original character.

b. The work has been fixed in any definite medium of expression now known or later to be developed, from which it can be perceived, reproduced or otherwise communicated either directly or with the aid of any machine or device.

Olowu ^[14] held it that any of these works, can be protected on the grounds that it is original and is fixed in a definite medium of expression. This view is also shared by the Nigeria Law School (2003).

Copyright by the provisions of its Act shall be confined on every work eligible for copyright of which the author is a qualified person and that is to say:

a. An individual who is a citizen of or is domicile in Nigeria; or

b. A body corporate incorporated by or under the laws of Nigeria.

Sole – Right and Authorship:

Copyright, is a sole right. It is exclusive and the exclusivity of the right according to Quizlaw ^[17], means that “the owner, and the owner alone, can exercise those rights”. It also pointed out that the owner of a copyright is generally, but not always, the author of the work. The author according to the copyright Act (S.II (3) includes his heirs and successors – in – title. Person (s) legally representing the author can well exercise these rights. There are situations whereby the author of a work may not be the owner of the copyright.

Duration of Copyright:

The right of authorship in copyright is perpetual, inalienable, imprescriptible, just as it is exclusive (copyright Act, ss.5 (I), II(2). However in the First Schedule of the Nigerian Copyright Act, the terms and duration of copyright was tabulated thus:

Type of Work

1. Literary, musical or artistic works other than photographs

2. Cinematography films and photographs

3. Sound recordings

4. Broadcasts.

Date of Expiration

Seventy years after the end of the year in which the author dies; in the case of government or a body corporate, seventy years after the end of the year in which the work was first published.

Fifty years after the end of the year in which the work was first published.

Fifty years after the end of the year in which the recording was first made.

Fifty years after the end of the year in which the broadcasting first took place.

On a similar provision, the Copyright Act in section 23, described the right of a performer as well as what constitutes a performance’ and then in section 24, stated that:

The right conferred by section 23 of this Act shall subsist in relation to the performance until the end of a period of fifty years from the end of the year in which the performance first took place.

Infringement on Intellectual Property and Lost-Revenue

The Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary Hornby (^[16]:483) defined intellectual property (IP) as: “property such as an idea, a design, etc that has been created or invented by somebody but does not exist in a physical form”.

Just like there are laws to protect physical property such as the land your house/apartment/condo is on, there are also laws to protect intangible property such as written expressions, inventions, slogans, etc this is known as intellectual property ^[17]. These intellectual properties include copyright, trademark, patent etc. Reports have shown that the violation of intellectual property is rampant in Nigeria.

In 2002, Ustr.gov, published that Nigeria may be Africa’s largest market for pirated products, with substantial financial loses for copyright, patent and trademark holders. A similar view was reportedly shared by the US Department of commerce through a representative, Karen Burress, in Ilukwe ^[9], with the following statement: “We estimate that Nigeria is the Largest market in Africa for goods that infringe IP (intellectual property) rights”. She pointed out that counterfeit goods including music, movies, electronic goods, foodstuffs, automotive parts and pharmaceuticals, among many things – account for 7 percent of all global trade. This equated to almost $350 (USD) billion in lost revenues and millions of jobs gone worldwide. In the same report, the US Consul was quoted as saying:

When it comes to the abuse of intellectual property rights, everyone suffers – the person in the street, leaders of business, international trading partners and Nigerian economy as a whole. We still have a major problem with counterfeit goods of all kinds here in the country.

The ambassador further maintained that theft of IP deprives Nigerian professionals of the revenue they have rightly – earned and the government of the taxes that can be derived from that and re-invested in the economy. The infringement on intellectual property rights not just in Nigeria but globally is a serious issue that causes a great financial loss to rightful owners, governments and the public. The copyright industries contributes about 2.9 percent of the country’s gross domestic product, which was greater than the motorcar manufacturing industry.

For example in the United States of America, a study published in October 1993, concluded that the copyright industries contribute 5.6 percent of the US GNP and employed more than 5.4 million people (about 4.8 percent of the US workforce). He therefore posited that:

The dimensions of the copyright industries are manifestly large, and their ramifications are woven intricately into the fabric of today’s society. Any serious malfunction of the intellectual property system, or any significant erosion of the rights upon which it is based, must therefore correspondingly affect society as a whole.

Causes of Piracy

The causes and motives for piracy are many and in different dimensions.

According to Ezekude ^[6]

Its prevalence is attributable to a number of significant contributory factors – the scarcity and high cost of genuine products, poverty, poor distribution networks, a slow judicial system, poor co-operation in some quarters of the creative sector and inadequate funding of regulatory agencies, including the Nigerian Copyright Commission (NCC).

The other aspects are the challenges posed by the new digital technologies which themselves create opportunity for illegal mass reproduction of copyright – protected works. The internet currently serves a big outlet for the distribution and marketing of music files online. Technology has made it possible for artistes to sit on their laptops to record sound tracts and market directly to a big global market in the internet. Through this they bypass the traditional studio recording sessions, record label companies and distributors at the same time ^[10]. In the same vein Albay.edu ^[2] viewed the computer as,

A global personal jukebox offering nearly any kind of music an individual can imagine. It is an excellent way for a recording artist, signed or non-signed, to promote their music and themselves to a great, growing, interactive, reasonably uncensored, direct, multi-mediated audience and market.

Just as this advanced method of distribution is spreading, so also is piracy on the internet (Obidile, 2006). This practice of online piracy is so rampant as the use of internet fraud is common in the world today.

2. Statement of the Problem

Piracy is “the unauthorized use or reproduction of copyrighted or patented material” (Houghton 2000) and others view it as “a violation of copyrights law or illegal duplication and distribution of sound recording or computer software”.

Inspite of its illegality this business has thrived so much in Nigeria. As a result of this, this research titled “Effects of Music Piracy on the Nigerian Public: A Case Study of Enugu Urban” is poised to ascertain the reasons for its continuous persistence and progress and suggest possible ways of curtailing this menace.

3. Purpose of the study

The purpose of this work is to investigate the level of awareness of the marketers on the Nigerian Copyright Act. Particularly it is to;

i. Bring to the lime-light the potentials of our creative industries

ii. Emphasize that the intellectual property rights of musicians, artistes, actors etc need to be protected

iii. Create the awareness on the marketers that they may be indicted if caught selling pirated works

iv. Create the awareness of the effects of piracy on music owners and the buyers of the pirated works respectively.

4. Research Design

The researcher employed a descriptive survey research design set out to find out the level of awareness of marketers to the Nigerian Copyright law as well as their perception on the effects of piracy on the right owners and the buyers.

The target population of the study consists of about one hundred and fifty (150) music outlets plus broadcast personnel from three (3) radio stations in Enugu urban.

A random selection of the marketers from the music outlets in the area of study were taken and one hundred (100) music outlets including some personnel of the broadcast stations were accessible to the researcher.

The instrument used for data collection was a 20 – item questionnaire developed from the five research questions. These were designed to provide information required to examine the topic in question.

Part A: Information on the personal data of the respondents.

Part B: Information got for techniques for research analysis containing five research questions for each of the research questions.

The instrument was presented to two experts (Lecturers) for content and face validity.

Several assistants were used to distribute and also collect the questionnaires from the marketers and the broadcast personnel.

The data collected were organized and analyzed using percentages. The acceptable level of score was 50% and above.

Research Question 1

Is Music piracy a crime to individuals and the society?

Table 1

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The data in Table 1 above revealed that the common man on the street cannot differentiate between the genuine and awarawa video and tapes. Furthermore, it confined the fact that music piracy is not a crime and half of these products are pirated. These were represented by 62%, 7.44% and 1.86% on the negative while 26.3%, 79.05% and 81.84% confirmed the positive aspect. It further confirmed the fact that piracy does not offer any benefit to the producer (24.2%) and also that buyers of pirated works does not know that it is a crime (37.6%). Rather they purchase those materials because of the low price attached to them and the present economic down turn.

Research Question 2

Are there economic benefits for the producers of pirated works?

Table 2

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In Table 2 above, the data revealed that a lot of economic benefits accrue to the producers of pirated works. Thus it is a means of getting quick money and a means of self employment represented by 93.5% and 67.7% respectively. It also rubs the government of huge sums of revenue and denies authors large sums of money. These were reflected in the data being 64.6% and 75.4% in the affirmative.

Research Question 3

Has Modern Technology aided or discouraged piracy?

Table 3

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The first questionnaire item in Table 3 above indicates with 73.6% that the availability of internet services had further moved the activities of the pirates a step forward. Awarawa records are deceptive as well as an offense. These were confirmed by the data which had 81% and 63% respectively attached to items 2 and 3.

Research Question 4

What are the roles of broadcast stations in this act?

Table 4

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In Table 4 above, it revealed that radio/TV stations do not pay royalties to composers (53.7%) but actually they also do not encourage piracy, recording a no answer of 57.04%. It went further to emphasize that these stations are aware of intellectual property rights and actually what should accrue to a composer as a result of his/her creative works.

Research Question 5

Do you think that N. C. C. has lived up to its responsibilities?

Table 5

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Table 5 above confirmed with (44.6%) that the copyright commission has not be up and doing with regards to its responsibilities. Furthermore the commission needs to widen the scope of its educational activities to the public. It confirmed that it is right to punish offenders and that a contravention of the copyright laws will put marketers into trouble. These recorded 80% and 80.04% respectively in the affirmative.

5. Discussion of Findings

In general the larger members of the Nigerian public cannot be convinced that piracy is a crime against the creators, the government and leads to a downward trend in the realization of government objectives. Therefore the efficient enforcement of copyright laws is a critical element for future development of Nigeria’s creative industries. Since the establishment of Nigeria copyright commission in 1989, following the implementation of copyright Decree No 47 of 1988, the NCC has been working tirelessly to clamp down on piracy. Campaigns such as the Strategic Action Plan against piracy (STRAP) and the copyright Litigation and Mediation Program (CLAMP), launched in 2005 are testimonies to these efforts. (Ezekude, 2012:3)

1. The NCC should roll out more plans to enforce copyright laws in the country.

2. It should establish strategic alliances with other development agencies and international organizations such as UNESCO, USAID, World Customs Organiztion (WCO) etc to enhance the scope and effectiveness of its anti-piracy operations and awareness drive.

3. The Nigerian Copyright law should be reviewed to bring it in line with the current international best practices and standards designed to mitigate the copyright challenges.

References

[1]	Adewopo, A. (2006). “Will of Progress” Interview by Cyril Stober copyright Nigeria Television Authority Production, August.
	In article
[2]	Albany.edu (2006). Music Piracy. www.albany.edu/-rg3387/problem.html
	In article
[3]	Copyright Act ss.5 (I), II(2). Copyright Act (1990). Chapter 68. Laws of the Federation of Nigeria.
	In article
[4]	Copyright Act s.II (3). Copyright Act (1990) Chapter 68. Laws of the Federation of Nigeria.
	In article
[5]	Hornby, A. S. (ed) (2010). Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press p.483
	In article
[6]	Ezekude, A. (2012). Nigeria’s Anti-Piracy Drive yields Results. Wipo Magazine. https://www.wipo.mt/wipo_magazine/en/2012/03/article_004.htmlp.1.
	In article
[7]	Freitas, D. (1994). The Fight Against Piracy https://www.ipa-uie.org/copyright/copyrightpub/freitas.html.
	In article
[8]	Houghton, (2000). Piracy. Definition 2. The American Heritage College Dictionary p.75. https://www.modernghana.com/movie/5793/3effects-of-piracy-in-nigeria7/22/2015p.1
	In article
[9]	Ilukwe, G. et al. (2005). Nigerian Economy Robbed of Billions by Intellectual Property Pirates https://www.microsoft.com/africa/press/ngnigeriaip.mspx.
	In article
[10]	Maney, K. (2004). Recording Studio on Your Laptop Could Make You a Rock Star. https://www.usatoday.com/tech/colunmnist/Kevimanny/2004-8-24-homerecordingx.html.
	In article
[11]	Ministry of Information, Enugu (1992). State Government Website (https://www.enugustate.gov.ng/)
	In article
[12]	National Bureau of Statistics (https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/index.php/pages/nigerianMap).
	In article
[13]	Nigerian Law School (2003). Course Handbook on Company Law and Practice. Bar Part II Course
	In article
[14]	Olowu, B. (2006). Nigeria: Protecting and Enforcing Trademark and Copyrights. www.nc.council.html
	In article
[15]	Onwuegbuchi, E. (2006). Taming the Piracy Monster Daily Champion (Lagos). https://allafrica.com/stories/printable//200607200417.html.
	In article
[16]	Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 6th Edition p.750.
	In article
[17]	Quizlaw, G. P. (2005-2006). Copyrights-What is copyright.www.quizlaw.com.
	In article