Biodegradation of the Synthetic Pyrethroid, Fenvalerate by <i>Bacillus Cereus </i>Mtcc 1305

A. Deborah Gnana Selvam; A. J. Thatheyus; R. Vidhya

doi:10.12691/wjee-1-2-2

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Biodegradation of the Synthetic Pyrethroid, Fenvalerate by Bacillus Cereus Mtcc 1305

A. Deborah Gnana Selvam¹, A. J. Thatheyus^2,, R. Vidhya¹

¹PG Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The American College, Madurai, India

²PG and Research Department of Zoology, The American College, Madurai, India

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

3. Results and Discussion

4. Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

Abstract

Extensive applications of synthetic pyrethroids not only result in pest resistance to these insecticides, but also may lead to environmental issues and human exposure. The pyrethroid fenvalerate pesticide residues on foods and environmental contamination are a public safety concern. Therefore, the present study investigated the potential of the chosen bacterium, Bacillus cereus MTCC 1305 in the degradation of various concentrations of fenvalerate (250, 500, 750 and 1000ppm). The degradation efficiency of the bacterium was tested by the assessment of pH, free carbon dioxide, turbidity and esterase activity. HPLC analysis for 500ppm of fenvalerate degradation by the bacterium at the end of long term and short term treatments showed peaks with different retention times. The degradation was found to be maximum for 500ppm of fenvalerate. These findings suggest that the utilization of fenvalerate by P .viridiflava may be a feasible treatment option for the removal of pesticides from soil environment.

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Keywords: pesticide, pyrethroid, fenvalerate, bacillus cereus, HPLC

World Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2013 1 (2), pp 21-26.
DOI: 10.12691/wjee-1-2-2

Received December 29, 2012; Revised May 29, 2013; Accepted May 30, 2013

Cite this article:

Selvam, A. Deborah Gnana, A. J. Thatheyus, and R. Vidhya. "Biodegradation of the Synthetic Pyrethroid, Fenvalerate by Bacillus Cereus Mtcc 1305." World Journal of Environmental Engineering 1.2 (2013): 21-26.

Selvam, A. D. G. , Thatheyus, A. J. , & Vidhya, R. (2013). Biodegradation of the Synthetic Pyrethroid, Fenvalerate by Bacillus Cereus Mtcc 1305. World Journal of Environmental Engineering, 1(2), 21-26.

Selvam, A. Deborah Gnana, A. J. Thatheyus, and R. Vidhya. "Biodegradation of the Synthetic Pyrethroid, Fenvalerate by Bacillus Cereus Mtcc 1305." World Journal of Environmental Engineering 1, no. 2 (2013): 21-26.

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1. Introduction

Over the last 30 years, synthetic pyrethroids (SPs), such as fenpropathrin, cyhalothrin, permethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, cyfluthrin, deltamethrin and bifenthrin, have been widely used as agricultural, home and garden insecticides to replace the more toxic and environmentally persistent organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides ^[1]. Synthetic pyrethroids are a group of compounds derived from the natural insecticide pyrethrin, found in the flower heads of certain Chrysanthemum species. An annual sale of SPs reaches an estimated 1.3–1.4 billion dollars worldwide and account for 17% of global insecticide sales ^[2]. Due to their extensive use, SPs residues have been frequently detected in soils, sediments, natural waters and agricultural products (especially in teas) ^{[3, 4]}.

Although SPs generally have lower mammalian toxicity than other classes of insecticides, they affect the central nervous system, cause allergic skin reactions and eye irritation and have high acute toxicity to some non target organisms such as bees, fish and aquatic invertebrates ^[5]. Many studies have found fenvalerate to be toxic to non-target organisms. It is highly toxic to many fishes ^[6]. Target insect species are killed at fenvalerate concentrations of 0.015μg/insect, by aerial application (0.11kg/ha), 5.4mg/kg in soil, or 50mg/kg in diet. Fenvalerate is especially toxic to aquatic organisms (e.g., crustaceans died at 0.003-0.03μg/L and fish and amphibians at 0.09-1.1μg/L), and its use in or near aquatic environments should be avoided ^[7].

In general, SPs are degraded by both abiotic and biotic pathways, including photo-oxidation, chemical oxidation and biodegradation. Microbial metabolisms play important roles in degrading and detoxifying SPs residues in soils and sediments. The rate of degradation depends on the pyrethroid, soil type, climate, the species of microbes present, and the size of their populations. In soil, degradation of pyrethroids occur via ester cleavage, diphenyl ether cleavage, ring hydroxylation, hydration of the cyano group to amide, and further oxidation of the fragments formed to yield carbon dioxide as a major final product ^[8]. Many microorganisms are capable of degrading SPs, including Pseudomonas fluorescens, Achromobacter sp, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas stutzeri, and Micrococcus sp. ^{[9, 10, 11]}.

In the present study, an attempt has been made to determine the efficiency of degradation of fenvalerate with the reference strain, Bacillus cereus (No.1305) obtained from MTCC, IMTECH, Chandigarh.

2. Materials and Methods

The reference strain Bacillus cereus MTCC 1305 was obtained from the Institute of microbial technology, Chandigarh.

2.1. Degradation Efficiency

The strain was inoculated onto minimal broth containing different concentrations of fenvalerate like 250, 500, 750 and 1000ppm and incubated at room temperature for a period of 16 days (Long term study) and the degradation was confirmed by analyzing various parameters such as pH, biomass, carbon dioxide production, esterase activity and the degradation products. A short term study was done by measuring the above parameters every 24 hours for 4 days (Short term study).

2.2. pH

The pH of the sample was measured on the 4^th ,8^th, 12^th and 16^th day of incubation and another set of samples were analyzed on the 1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd and 4^th day of the treatment.

2.3. Biomass Estimation

Turbidometric method was followed for estimating the biomass by measuring the turbidity at 600nm.

2.4. Carbon Dioxide Estimation

The release of carbon dioxide during the degradation of various concentrations of fenvalerate was estimated by the method proposed by Eaton et al. (1995) ^[12].

2.5. Esterase Activity

100µl of cells or cell extract was incubated with 1.5 ml of 0.42mM 1- naphthyl acetate, 0.5ml Na₂HPO₄ buffer (0.2M, pH 7.0) and 0.4ml glass distilled water at 39°C for 10 minutes. 500µl of 10% lauryl sulfate containing 2.5mg of Fast Garnet GBC was added to the mixture and incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes for color development. Absorbance was measured at 560nm and compared with the absorbance of 1-naphthol curve (linear from 0- 0.08µM) ^[13].

2.6. High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

The samples containing the minimal medium, isolate and 500ppm concentration of fenvalerate taken on the 0^th, 4^th and 8^th day were subjected to HPLC analysis.

2.7. Statistical Analysis

Two way ANOVA was performed for the parameters pH, carbon dioxide released, esterase activity and biomass using MS Excel for both the isolate and the reference strain. Variability was considered significant only when the statistic value was greater than the tabulated value at P is less than or equal to 0.05.

3. Results and Discussion

The details of the synthetic pyrethroid, fenvalerate is given in the Table 1.

Table 1. Details of Fenvalerate

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Biodegradation of the Synthetic Pyrethroid, Fenvalerate by Bacillus Cereus Mtcc 1305

Science and Education Publishing

Biodegradation of the Synthetic Pyrethroid, Fenvalerate by Bacillus Cereus Mtcc 1305

Abstract

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Cite this article:

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

3. Results and Discussion

Table 1. Details of Fenvalerate

Table 2. HPLC Analysis Report for 500ppm Fenvalerate before and after Treatment with B.cereus

Table 3. Two Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for the Factors with the Variables, Treatment Period and Fenvalerate Concentration for B. cereus during Long Term Treatment

Table 4. Two Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for the Factors with the Variables, Treatment Period and Fenvalerate Concentration for B. cereus during Short Term Treatment

4. Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

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