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1.

Development of Two Ointments from Corn (Zea mays L.) Silk and Rice (Oryza sativa) Hull: Their Phytochemical Compositions, Antibacterial Properties, and Sensory Profiles John Eljay O. Abdon, Justien P. Abaya, Nikkafeb P. Pepito, Ian Jay P. Saldo American Journal of Microbiological Research. 2024 12 (3). doi: 10.12691/ajmr-12-3-3 Keywords: Antibacterial, Corn (Zea mays L.) Silk, Kirby-Bauer technique, Ointments, Phytochemicals , Rice (Oryza sativa) Hull, Sensory evaluation Context: Agricultural residues have been evident worldwide and can seriously threaten the environment after harvesting crops. This study aimed to develop two organic ointments from corn (Zea mays L.) silk (CS) and rice (O. sativa) hull (RH) liquid extracts. It quantitatively assessed the extracts’ phytochemical compositions and antibacterial properties while the product’s sensory profiles were also assessed in addition to commercial ointment (CO). The phytochemical activity was determined in terms of alkaloids, anthraquinones, coumarins, flavonoids, quinones, sterols, tannins, and terpenoids. Also, this study analyzed the zone of inhibition of the liquid extracts and positive control (amoxicillin) against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria. Meanwhile, the sensory evaluation of the three ointment products was done using a five-point Likert scale questionnaire on 30 healthcare workers within Malaybalay City, Bukidnon. The result of the phytochemical screening showed positive remarks in all five (5) trials on the tests of coumarins, quinones, sterols, tannins, and terpenoids but negative in alkaloids, anthraquinones, and flavonoids. Furthermore, antibacterial analysis showed a susceptible interpretation in the mean zone of inhibition of both extracts and positive control. CS extract has mean inhibition zones of 23.1 mm against S. aureus and 10.28 mm for E. coli bacteria, while RH extract inhibited 21.57 mm and 15.77 mm, respectively. In addition, the positive control also inhibited 21.33 mm and 16.34 mm. On the other hand, the sensory evaluation in terms of appearance, fragrance, and texture resulted in an overall mean and standard deviation (SD) of 4.48 (SD=0.11), 4.49 (SD=0.37), and 4.54 (SD=0.21) for products CS, RH, and COs, respectively. Thus, all products have a rating of ‘‘very high acceptability (VHA)’’ as the means are more significant than the 4.21 (mean > 4.21) rating for VHA interpretation. Moreover, the independent T-test showed a significant difference with p-values of 0.00, 0.03, and 0.03 between the two bacteria tested in CS, RH extracts, and positive control. Subsequently, the One-way ANOVA of the sensory evaluation yielded a p-value of 0.96, indicating no significant difference in the sensory evaluation of the three ointments as it was greater than 0.05 level of significance. These results comprehensively give knowledge about the samples that can be used in future research. To expand the knowledge about these samples, it is recommended that more research and tests be conducted to investigate their efficacy, improve the concentration and safety of the ointments, and achieve better results for commercial use. Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)

2.

Evaluation of Some Chemical Composition, Minerals Fatty Acid Profiles, antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) from India Sandip I. Vidhani, Vijay G.Vyas, Heena J. Parmar, Viren M. Bhalani, Mohammad M. Hassan, Ahmed Gaber, Baljibhai A.Golakiya American Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2016 4 (2). doi: 10.12691/ajfst-4-2-5 Keywords: Ocimum sanctum, heavy metal, Phytochemicals , antioxidant, antimicrobial, GC-MS Context: The holy Tulsi, also known as the “queen of herbs” is the most sacred of all the herbs found in India. This sacred plant was found in almost every Indian household. The proximate, minerals and preliminary phytochemical analysis of Ocimum sanctum leaves were studied. The nutritional analysis of Ocimum sanctum shown high level of ascorbic acid and total carbohydrate i.e., 65.41 mg/100g and 39.58% in their leaves, Whereas the total phenol was found to be maximum (1.88 mg/g) in leaves. Leaves in present investigation, contains major nutrient like N (3.30 %), P (1.10%), K (6.62 %), S (1.55 %) and Na (0.74%). Dry weight basis contains 20.64% total protein and 3.60% total fat. The oil of leaves also contains comparable amount of antioxidant as ascorbic acid, flavonoid and total phenol as well as linolenic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid which was very good for health. According to our results, most of the identified compounds were biologically important. Further the Oscimum sanctum leaf possesses certain characteristics that can be ascribed to cultivation on a domestic plantation. Antimicrobial activity of Tulsi leaves extract was evaluated and the results shown that E. coli, E. faecalis were mostly susceptible to methanol extract than S. aureus and A. hydrophila. It can be suggested that S. aureus was the most resistant organisms to the concentrations of 20 and 40 mg/ml of the methanol extract of Ocimum. The results of this study indicated the possibility of using the leave extract of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) as a source of antibacterial compounds for treatment of infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacterial pathogens. Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)

3.

Transforming King Coconut Waste into Functional Beverage P.V. Munasinghe, R.M. Dharmadasa, W.C.P. Egodawatta, G. Liyanaarachchi, Udayani Binduhewa World Journal of Agricultural Research. 2025 13 (2). doi: 10.12691/wjar-13-2-3 Keywords: Keywords: King Coconut, Cocos nucifera Antioxidants, Minerals, Phytochemicals , RTS beverage, Zero waste management Context: King coconut (Cocos nucifera var. Aurantiaca) water is considered a healthier beverage option, yet the remaining parts of the nut, namely the mesocarp and endocarp, often become king coconut waste (KCW), which decomposes over two to three years. This study aimed to transform KCW into a nutritious ready-to-serve (RTS) beverage to support zero waste management. The KCW was divided into components, and their proportions were calculated. Total antioxidant activity (TAC), total phenol content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) were assessed using Folin-Ciocalteu method and modified AlCl3 method respectively, while total antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Free Radical Scavenging Assay, and Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) Assay. The mineral content was determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Quality parameters such as pH, titratable acidity, and colour were measured through established analytical techniques. RTS beverages were formulated with 10%, 15%, and 20% concentrations of king coconut waste extract (KCWE) and evaluated by twenty trained panelists. Anti-inflammatory activity was performed using Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase (A5-LOX) inhibition assay. Proximate analysis of king coconut mesocarp extract-based drink was performed using AOAC methods. Data analysis was conducted with SPSS software. Results indicated that KCW consists of 7.82% mesocarp, 7.33% endocarp, 14.34% coir dust, 10.18% fiber, 4.33% perianth, and 16.29% king coconut mesocarp extract (KCME). The final beverage formulation yielded TPC of 880.65±12.8 mg GAE 100 mL-1, TFC of 8.11±0.17 mg QE mL-1, DPPH of 75.42±1.48 μg mL-1, and ORAC of 232.84±67.75 mg TE 100 mL-1. Color values (L*, a*, b*) were 16.57±0.19, 5.91±0.20, and 7.98±0.08, respectively, with pH at 2.94±0.02 and titratable acidity at 18.34±0.12. The RTS beverage, with 10% KCWE achieved significantly higher scores for all sensory attributes, and overall acceptability. Additionally, KCWE-based beverages exhibited 88±0.71% anti-inflammatory activity, reinforcing traditional claims regarding their health benefits. The findings suggest that KCWE is a valuable source of wellness beverages, promoting the zero-waste concept in the king coconut industry. Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)

4.

Evaluation of the Antioxidants and Antimicrobial Properties of Two Nigerian Leafy Vegetables Borokini Funmilayo Bosede, Adesuyi Ayodeji Temitope, Komolafe Olamide Yemisi Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. 2017 5 (6). doi: 10.12691/jfnr-5-6-9 Keywords: vegetables, extracts, Phytochemicals , antimicrobial, reducing property Context: The study was carried out on Senecio biafrae and Basella alba to promote their utilization as a support for promoting healthy diets. Phytochemical screening and determination of reducing power of different concentrations (1-5 mg ml-1) of the aqueous and alcoholic extracts; using ferric reducing antioxidant assay and phosphomolybdate method were carried out. The antimicrobial activities of the extracts against selected pathogen at 0.05g/ml were evaluated by using agar well diffusion method for antibacterial and poisoned food technique for antifungal assays. The results revealed the presence of flavonoid, tannin, terpenoid and saponin in the extracts. Correlation analysis revealed positively strong correlation between the total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenol content (TPC) with the reducing property. For ferric reduction, the range was TFC (r = 0.944 – 0.967) and TPC (r = 0.937-0.970) for B.alba extracts and TFC (r = 0.918 – 0.976) and TPC (r = 0.947 – 0.990) for S. bifrae at between 0.01 and 0.05 significant levels. All the fractions showed concentration dependent increase in their total antioxidant property (TAP) with positively strong correlations with corresponding TFC and TPC in the range TFC (r = 0.971 – 0.991); TPC (r = 0.945 -0.980) for B. alba and TFC (r = 0.957 – 0.983); TPC (r = 0.966 – 0.991) for S. biafrae at 0.01- 0.05 significant levels. The vegetables exhibited mild antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi compared with streptomycin sulphate used as control but appreciable antifungal activities against (Fusarium solani, Trichoderma rubrum and Aspergillus fumigates) compared with bonlate antibiotic positive control. The vegetables possess appreciable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties for promoting good health, their cultivation and utilization should be encouraged especially in the face of health and economic challenges; and food insecurity in many parts of the world. Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)

5.

Antioxidant Properties, Anti-oxidative Potentials and Phytochemical Properties of Wheat-Pearl Millet-Andrographis paniculata Leaf Flour Blends: Possible Implications of the Composite Functionality David T. Ishola, Mathew K. Bolade, Busola T. Ayangbemi, Opemipo T. Ishola, Olusanmi E. Odeyemi American Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2022 10 (1). doi: 10.12691/ajfst-10-1-5 Keywords: Phytochemicals , antioxidants, Andrographis paniculata leaf, Cereals flour Context: The study investigated and evaluated the influence of the inclusion of varying proportion of Andrographis paniculata leaf flour on the antioxidant properties, anti-oxidative activities and phytochemical properties of wheat-pearl millet- Andrographis paniculata leaf flour blends and the values of these quality parameters are used to predict the blends functionalities. The flour blends were prepared using whole wheat flour, whole pearl millet flour, and A. paniculata leaf flour. The recommended combination ratio (50:50) of wheat and pearl millet flour was adopted as the blending baseline while graded levels of A. paniculata leaf flour of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% were respectively included in the blending baseline to obtain wheat-pearl millet-Andrographis panniculata flour blends. In the formulation, the inclusion of A. paniculata leaf flour was carried out to replace the wheat and pearl millet flour respectively on equal basis. Each flour blends was evaluated for phytochemical properties, antioxidant properties and anti-oxidative activities. The oxalate content of the raw material flour ranged from 9.27mg/g in PMF to 15.85mg/g in APLF, while the value ranged from 7.74mg/g in WPMAPLF3 blend to 9.81mg/g in WPMAPLF4 blend. Tannin content of the raw material flours and flour blends ranged from 0.32 mg/g in WF to 1.91 mg/g in APLF, and from ranged from 0.43mg/g in WPMF blend to 0.84mg/g in WPMAPLF5 blend. Phytate content for the raw material flours ranged from 0.03mg/g in PMF to 0.08mg/g in APLF, while the phytate content of the flour blends ranged from 0.04mg/g in WPMAPLF1 to 0.06mg/g in WPMAPLF4, and 0.06mg/g in WPMAPLF5, respectively. The alkaloid value was observed to increase as the level of inclusion of the leaf increased from 2% to 4%, and gradually start decreasing from 6% to 10% inclusion. The free radical scavenging capacity of the flour blends against, 1,1-Diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2-Azino-bis (3- ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and FRAP was observed to increase as the percentage of A. paniculata leaf inclusion increased. The antioxidant activities and free radical scavenging abilities of the flour blend samples were observed to increase as the percentage of inclusion of Andrographis paniculata leaf flour increased. Consequently, the formulated flour blends made from Wheat, pearl Millet and Andrographis paniculata exhibited good free radical scavenging ability against DPPH●, OH ●, and FRAP. The antioxidant and phytochemical composition observed among the flour blends posit a viable staple possessing some predictive health benefiting potentials and healthy food functionality which could be exploited as preventive or curative food therapy against chronic diseases. Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)

6.

Proximate Analysis, Mineral Contents, Amino Acid Composition, Anti-Nutrients and Phytochemical Screening of Brachystegia Eurycoma Harms and Pipper Guineense Schum and Thonn Ajayi Olubunmi Bolanle, Akomolafe Seun Funmilola, Adefioye Adedayo American Journal of Food and Nutrition. 2014 2 (1). doi: 10.12691/ajfn-2-1-3 Keywords: Brachystegia eurycoma harms, Pipper guineense schum and thonn, proximate, minerals, anti-nutrients, Phytochemicals and amino acids Context: The proximate, mineral and amino acid compositions of two different seeds belonging to different families; Brachystegia eurycoma harms and Pipper guineense schum and thonn were investigated. The proximate analysis revealed the values of carbohydrate, fat, crude protein, crude fibre, ash and moisture contents present to be 53.57%, 4.49%, 8.75%, 17.20%, 5% and 10.60%; 46.57%, 17.30%, 9.33%, 4.20%, 9.90% and 12.70% respectively. Minerals present are Ca (0.64), Na (0.09), K (0.25), Fe (0.111), Mg (0.05) and Mn (0.066) for Brachystegia eurycoma harms and Ca (0.42), K (0.81), Na (0.32), Ph (0.25), Zn (0.081), Mg (0.04) and Mn(0.098) in ppm. The anti-nutrient constituents of both seeds revealed the presence of tannins, phytate and cyanide at relatively low concentrations. Phytochemical screening also analysed for the seeds were all positive except glycosides and anthraquinones which are negative in Brachystegia eurycoma harms and Pipper guineense schum and thonn respectively. This shows that both seeds have therapeutic roles in living organisms. The amino acid (AA) analysis revealed that AA was more concentrated in B. eurycoma harms with the total value of 42.28g/100g than 38.78g/100g of P. guineense schum and thonn. The former also exceeded the later in total EAA by difference of 4.67g/100g. The P-PER and pI both seeds were 2.59; 2.54 and 2.61; 2.18, while the limiting AA was Met + Cys (0.40) and Ile (0.28) for B. eurycoma harms and P. Guineense schum and thonn respectively. Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)

7.

Antimicrobial Activity and Nutraceutical Potential of Cultivated Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. Ex Fr.) P.Kumm and Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer in Ibadan Eniola Oluwatomisin Akinbode, Samuel Temitope Ogunbanwo, Gabriel Aruwa, Clementina Oyinkansola Adenipekun American Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2024 12 (3). doi: 10.12691/ajfst-12-3-4 Keywords: Phytochemicals , antimicrobial, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus sajor-caju, proximate analysis Context: The increase in the side effects of many synthetic antimicrobial agents and the incidence of multidrug resistance in bacteria has prompted scientists to research plant-based antimicrobial with therapeutic potential. Mushrooms have been shown to present such potential with high medicinal value. The antimicrobial activity and nutraceutical potential of two mushrooms namely Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus sajor-caju were investigated. P. ostreatus was found to exhibit antagonistic activity in varying degrees against S. aureus, E. coli, P. fluorescens, S. liquifaciens, S. marcescens, K. pneumonia, and P. mirabilis with the diameter zones of inhibition ranging between 10.8±0.5 to 20.8±0.4 mm. The highest amount of Flavonoids (39.50±0.40%) was observed in the aqueous extract fractions of Pleurotus sajor-caju followed by Alkaloids in Ethyl acetate extract fraction of Pleurotus ostreatus (36.80±0.57) while the least was Tannins (0.09±0.00%) in Ethanol extract fraction of Pleurotus sajor-caju. The two mushrooms exhibited a concentrated dependent scavenger ability against Diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Based on the result obtained, Pleurotus ostreatus have high inhibitory activity against pathogenic microorganisms, while the two mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus sajor-caju) have high antioxidant capacity against free radicals which can serve as a good means of reducing the incidence of infection and high prevalence of malnutrition. Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)

8.

Potential Investigation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Phytochemical Investigations of Ethanolic Extract of Glycosmis Pentaphylla Leaves Prawej Ansari, Shofiul Azam, Md. Reyad-ul-ferdous, Apsana Hossain, Tasana Azad, Sukdeb Goswami, Kallol Kanti Mondal American Journal of Biomedical Research. 2015 3 (1). doi: 10.12691/ajbr-3-1-2 Keywords: G. pentaphylla, lysosome, membrane stability, Phytochemicals investigation Context: The present study is carried out with the ethanolic extract of leaves of Glycosmis pentaphylla. Traditional use of it inspired us to investigate the blood corpuscular protective power of this plant as it used as blood tonic in Chinese traditional medicine. By the phytochemical screening we have both flavonoids and steroids. There’s also alkaloids are found which have extensive physiologic action embodying analgesic activity. This investigation is made following the most simple, reliable and less time consuming method. As the human red blood corpuscular membrane is similar to lysosomal membranes that influence inflammatory process. Significant result obtained using ethanolic extract of G. pentaphylla have better acceptance as it shows good response in inhibiting hemolysis (55.16%) at highest concentration and these investigation surely stimulate further screening and isolation process. Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)

9.

Evaluation of the Nutritional, Phytochemical and Antioxidant Properties of the Peels of Some Selected Mango Varieties John O. Onuh, Gideon Momoh, Simeon Egwujeh, Felicia Onuh American Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2017 5 (5). doi: 10.12691/ajfst-5-5-2 Keywords: mango peels, varieties, nutritional, Phytochemicals , antioxidant, bioactive Context: Peels of 3 varieties of mango (Julie, Peter and Paparanda) were evaluated to determine the effects of varietal differences on the nutritional, phytochemical and antioxidant properties of peels of the selected varieties. Peels from moderately ripe mango fruits were processed into mango peel flour and analyzed for their nutritional, phytochemical and antioxidant properties. The results showed that mango varieties significantly differ from each other in their nutritional compositions. Peter variety had significantly highest values in both vitamins A (β-carotene) and C while Paparanda variety had significantly lowest values. Beta-carotene content of mango peels significantly ranged from 9.14 to 11.98 µg/g while the vitamin C content ranged from 21.66 µg/g to 51.54 µg/g. There is also great variation in the phytochemical compositions of the peels of the different varieties suggesting that they might have bioactive and functional properties. DPPH scavenging activities of the mango peels are significantly different from each and are also concentration dependent. They correlated with the vitamin C and polyphenolic content. Mango peels could therefore offer low-cost dietary supplements for low income groups as well as serve as potential source of functional ingredient in processed foods for the control, management and treatment of oxidative stress induced health disorders. Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)

10.

Drying Temperature Effect on the Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Moringa Oleifera Leaves Extract Kingsley Ofolikwei Quaye, Dickson Aboagye, Herman Caesar Sung-Bawiera Azaanang, Joseph Nii Amon Dodoo, Eugenia Serwaa Nyampong, Josephine Oppong Frimpomaa, Caleb Ofori Bandoh American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 2024 12 (2). doi: 10.12691/ajps-12-2-1 Keywords: herbal medicine, anti-inflammatory, Phytochemicals , temperature Context: There is an increasing trend in the study of the anti-inflammatory properties and phytochemical content of herbal medicines worldwide. Literature is however lacking on the effects of heat treatment during the processing of medicinal plants of their bioactivities and phytochemical content. This study seeks to fill this gap by investigating how temperature affects the anti-inflammatory properties of Moringa oleifera leaves. The plants were harvested and ground into a powder, after which aqueous and ethanol extracts were conducted. The extract was freeze-dried for further examination. The anti-inflammatory assay activity shows that the IC50 values of moringa leaves at room temperature, 60°C, and 90°C were 0.1313±0.0269, 0.0939±0.0901l, and 0.0757±0.0162 respectively. Diclofenac sodium, a standard anti-inflammatory drug showed an IC50 value of 0.1022±0.0204. The study also showed that temperature influenced the phytochemical components in the moringa leaf extract. Phytochemical components such as reducing sugars, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, triterpenes, and phytosterols were all present. Abstract Full Text (PDF) [Epub] Full Text (HTML)