This commentary describes the development, vision, and initial progress of the newly-founded Boston Physical Activity Resource Collaborative (BPARC). Our aims are to move the field of physical activity forward, with broader dissemination and translation, by creating a local Boston and Massachusetts hub for researchers, practitioners, advocates, and policymakers. Participants come from multiple academic and medical centers, local advocacy groups, and government agencies, all of whom are working on components of physical activity promotion. We have had initial success in collaborating on study design, methodology, and grant applications. Future endeavors aim to produce streamlined methods and products with maximal impact for the field of physical activity research, policy, and practice.
Physical activity and reduced sedentary time are widely acknowledged to be protective against chronic diseases, obesity, and mortality. 1, 2, 3 The benefits of regular physical activity extend to mental health, healthcare costs, academic achievement among children, environmental health, and conversely, physical inactivity leads to poorer health and economic outcomes 4, 5, 6, 7. Despite these well-documented benefits, only about 23% of US adults, 43% of US children, and 27% of US teenagers meet current physical activity recommendations 8, 9.
Though the benefits of physical activity have been well documented, there has been limited success in coordinating and sustaining interventions to increase physical activity, and translating knowledge to practice 10, 11. Barriers include inconsistent research measures, insufficient resources, lack of infrastructure to support activity, and limited communication between researchers and practitioners or policy-makers 12, 13, 14. Physical activity research dissemination has been moving forward, but there is still much work to be done 14, 15.
Currently in the United States, physical activity work largely remains in siloed fields including medicine, academia, public health, psychology, kinesiology, nutrition, education, policy, advocacy, economics, and urban planning. For instance, most physical activity research programs are housed in separate academic institutions and are driven by individual researchers or research groups, rather than fostering a collaborative approach that can drive connections between academia and policy-makers or thought leaders. There are institutions that aim to bridge this gap, for instance, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s innovative leadership, community health, and grant-making programs (www.rwjf.org) and its national program Active Living Research (www.activelivingresearch.org), and the National Physical Activity Plan (www.physicalactivityplan.org).
Despite increased interest and projects bringing this knowledge to community settings 12, there is still much work to do, and few collaborations exist between academic researchers and grass roots advocacy or public health agencies. This is also partly a result of financial barriers, as there is a paucity of research dollars allocated to physical activity at the national level. 6 Yet, physical activity research thrives on standardized methods, large sample sizes, and collaboration across diverse communities and institutions. In order to take steps to move this field forward into broader dissemination and translation, we have created a local solution.
The Boston Physical Activity Resource Collaborative (BPARC) was created in 2016 to streamline communication and resources across the multiple institutions and individuals involved with physical activity research and practice in greater Boston and Massachusetts. Thus far, the wide range of groups from organization and universities include Harvard-affiliated schools and hospitals, Northeastern University, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, the University of Massachusetts, Walk Boston, and the Massachusetts Department of Public Health. There are many physical activity researchers and practitioners in the Boston area across diverse fields, but there was limited communication and collaboration among these groups and institutions. We have determined a need for a centralized source for people interested in studying physical activity, increasing available knowledge, sharing ideas, methods and data, participating in outreach, and promoting public health efforts towards increasing physical activity.
BPARC today is in its early stages of development. It is a consortium of local physical activity researchers, healthcare providers, advocates, public health practitioners, and government officials who have come together to create a centralized structure aimed at promoting collaboration and sharing ideas to advance the science and awareness of physical activity for health promotion. As such, we have created BPARC to be a centralized hub for collaboration, methodology standardization, equipment sharing, pooled data collection opportunities, and knowledge dissemination which will serve as a resource to the broader community.
The main areas of need that the collaborative has decided to focus on are as follows.
3.1. Standardization of Physical Activity Measurement MethodsIn 2005, as the result of a two-day scientific conference convened to review the evidence behind using accelerometers to measure physical activity, the National Cancer Institute published best practice guidelines and research recommendations, in which it called for the standardization of accelerometry methods 16. Despite this call for creating a unified scientific field, little progress has been made on this front since the report was published. Peer-reviewed scientific journals that publish on physical activity continue to publish scientific studies that utilize a diverse array of accelerometry methods to measure physical activity, largely because the field of research continues to be investigator-driven, and this research for the most part continues to be funded and carried out at siloed academic institutions. This has remained the case within Massachusetts as well as nationally.
Although accelerometry has the potential to harmonize the PA field by providing objective PA measurement, there remains no standardized approach to using accelerometers to measure PA, despite an appreciation for some time that this is a necessary endeavor to move the science of PA measurement forward 17, 18. Further, there may be no one perfect accelerometry approach to measure across various activity types 19. This is complicated by the fact that technology often moves faster than the timeframe needed to conduct rigorous scientific studies, and increasingly accelerometer-based technologies are available from for-profit industries whose incentives are more aligned with maximization of profit rather than ensuring scientific rigor or validity. Adding to the complication is the fact that accelerometers can be worn in multiple places (e.g., wearables), including the hip, wrist, and ankle, and newer technologies now allow accelerometers to be included in clothing 20, smartphones 21, and other portable electronic devices. Accelerometers are also being combined with other technologies, such as global position system (GPS) receivers to measure and contextualize PA 22. There remains no consensus or standardized approach to measuring physical activity using any of these modalities 23, 24, 25. Without greater efforts at standardization, the field will become increasingly complicated as technology rapidly marches on.
BPARC collaborations will allow members to form a working group to agree upon a standardized method of processing objective PA data from various devices (e.g., accelerometer cut points, valid wear time protocols, different device placement interpretations, machine learning algorithm training). Having such a method, for instance, creating “The Boston Method,” could make research from this group more powerful, and could extend to be an adoptable method for other research groups. This in turn could move PA measurement science forward in a reliable and validated manner 19, 26. We aim to offer resource sharing and consulting to local researchers and practitioners in order to disseminate these findings.
Subjective physical activity assessments (self-report for adults, parent-report for children) are frequently used due to their convenience, low cost, ease of use, and applicability to studies with large number of participants. Yet like all other modalities used to assess physical activity, self-report measures of physical activity remain non-standardized 27, 28. Therefore, this subfield can also benefit from creating consensus and recommendations on specific indications and populations for which to use subjective physical activity assessment, and specific instruments to use in these instances (e.g., large surveys vs. ecological momentary assessment) 29.
3.2. Equipment and Data Sharing to Pool Resources, Data, and Open-Sourcing Methods Used for Data AnalysisBPARC members have begun sharing equipment, including an accelerometer loaning program, in an effort to foster collaboration and standardization, and maximize data collection. As part of the accelerometer loaning program, members agree to make the data collected available to other BPARC members after the primary study objectives and analyses are complete. Pooling and sharing data is anticipated to result in several benefits including reduced redundancy and decreased methodological variation across research groups, improved transparency of data collection and analysis, streamlined application of the standardization methods proposed in the previous section, and additional statistical power that comes with increased dataset sizes 30.
Our group is also discussing the potential to create a central site where de-identified data can be safely uploaded, stored, and processed using newly developed algorithms. A similar approach in other fields, including computer vision and machine learning, have helped to advance the fields.
3.3. Multidisciplinary Work: A collaborative Approach to Physical Activity Research and Practice with the Overarching Goal of Improving Population HealthCross-field and cross-institution collaborations are planned to be broadly inclusive and maximize reach. So far, we have members from academic research groups that include epidemiologists, geographers, engineers, biostatisticians, physicians, healthcare facilities, state and local public health departments, and nonprofit and advocacy groups. Regular work-in-progress meetings allow members to stay informed about local research efforts and facilitate the dissemination of projects currently underway. This type of cross-talk can enable and facilitate increased collaboration between BPARC members and disciplines which will move the physical activity promotion field toward broader and more diverse communities 31, 32.
3.4. AdvocacyPhysical activity policy depends on sound research, and researchers depend on advocacy communities to implement research findings 33. Because it is well established that research should be relevant to the practice setting, context, and population in which they will ultimately be delivered 34, BPARC includes advocacy/practice-based organizations within our collaborative to facilitate the development of research in partnership with members of advocacy communities (i.e., often referred to as practice-based evidence) 35. These organizations serve as sounding boards, provide input into proposed research designs, can highlight their priorities, and can discuss ways to disseminate effective intervention strategies. It is imperative that research be disseminated as broadly as possible to influence community-based changes that improve the infrastructure and safety for active living (e.g., pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure).
Advocacy can be a powerful tool in facilitating sustained changes for increased physical activity 36 and is recommended by national and international agencies 37, 38. Advocacy for improved pedestrian, bicycling facilities, and communication with policy and decision-makers are needed in the Boston area. One example is WalkBoston, a community-based organization dedicated to improving walking conditions in Boston and the surrounding communities and has several initiatives including creating and distributing walking maps, acting as an advocacy organization, and equally important, educating others how to effectively advocate for physical activity change. Advocacy initiatives within BPARC to date have included ideas and collaborations between members to improve bicycle safety facilities near a local hospital, with further advocacy actions being planned.
In sum, we describe the creation, vision, and plans for the newly formed Boston Physical Activity Resource Collaborative. Our aims are to provide a centralized resource for physical activity data, resources, community improvements, and collaboration across the greater Boston area, to produce methods and products with maximal impact for the field of physical activity research, policy, and practice.
The authors would like to acknowledge Diana Smith and Sonia Kim for assistance with proofreading and formatting this piece. This work was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (grant K23HL135277).
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In article | View Article PubMed | ||
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In article | View Article PubMed | ||
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In article | View Article | ||
[4] | U. Ekelund, J. Steene-Johannessen, W. J. Brown, M. W. Fagerland, N. Owen, K. E. Powell, et al., “Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women,” Lancet, vol. 388, pp. 1302-1310. | ||
In article | View Article | ||
[5] | D. Ding, K. D. Lawson, T. L. Kolbe-Alexander, E. A. Finkelstein, P. T. Katzmarzyk, W. van Mechelen, et al., “The economic burden of physical inactivity: a global analysis of major non-communicable diseases,” Lancet, vol. 388, pp. 1311-1324. | ||
In article | View Article | ||
[6] | S. A. Carlson, J. E. Fulton, M. Pratt, Z. Yang, and E. K. Adams, “Inadequate physical activity and health care expenditures in the United States,” Progress in cardiovascular diseases, vol. 57, pp. 315-323, 2015. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
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In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[8] | National Physical Activity Plan Alliance (2016). 2016 US report card on physical activity for children and youth. Columbia, SC. | ||
In article | |||
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In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[10] | King, A.C and J.F. Sallis, “Why and How to Improve Physical Activity Promotion: Lessons from Behavioral Science and Related Fields,” Preventive medicine, vol. 49, pp. 286-288, 07/21 2009. | ||
In article | |||
[11] | Lamming, L., Pears, S., Mason, D., Morton, K., Bijker, M., Sutton, S, et al., “What do we know about brief interventions for physical activity that could be delivered in primary care consultations? A systematic review of reviews,” Preventive Medicine, vol. 99, pp. 152-163, 2017/06/01/ 2017. | ||
In article | |||
[12] | Baker, P.R., Francis, D.P., Soares, J., Weightman, A.L., and Foster, C, “Community wide interventions for increasing physical activity,” The Cochrane Library, 2015. | ||
In article | View Article | ||
[13] | Pandit, A., Ferguson, M.J., and Spring, B, “Translating clinical evidence to the community: a synopsis and comment on “Community wide interventions for increasing physical activity”,” Translational behavioral medicine, vol. 1, p. 369, 2011. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[14] | Dzewaltowski, D.A., P. A. Estabrooks, and R. E. Glasgow, “The Future of Physical Activity Behavior Change Research: What Is Needed to Improve Translation of Research into Health Promotion Practice?,” Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, vol. 32, pp. 57-63, 2004. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[15] | Reis, R.S., D. Salvo, D. Ogilvie, E. V. Lambert, S. Goenka, and R. C. Brownson, “Scaling up physical activity interventions worldwide: stepping up to larger and smarter approaches to get people moving,” Lancet, vol. 388, pp. 1337-1348, 2016/09/24/ 2016. | ||
In article | |||
[16] | Ward, D.S., K. R. Evenson, A. Vaughn, A. B. Rodgers, and R. P. Troiano, “Accelerometer use in physical activity: best practices and research recommendations,” Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol. 37, pp. S582-8, Nov 2005. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[17] | Trost, S.G., R. R. Pate, P. S. Freedson, J. F. Sallis, and W. C. Taylor, “Using objective physical activity measures with youth: how many days of monitoring are needed?,” Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol. 32, pp. 426-31, Feb 2000. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[18] | Trost, S.G., P. D. Loprinzi, R. Moore, and K. A. Pfeiffer, “Comparison of accelerometer cut points for predicting activity intensity in youth,” Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol. 43, pp. 1360-8, Jul 2011. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[19] | Kelly, P., C. Fitzsimons, and G. Baker, “Should we reframe how we think about physical activity and sedentary behaviour measurement? Validity and reliability reconsidered,” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, vol. 13, p. 32, March 01 2016. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[20] | Brannon, E.E., C. C. Cushing, C. J. Crick, and T. B. Mitchell, “The promise of wearable sensors and ecological momentary assessment measures for dynamical systems modeling in adolescents: a feasibility and acceptability study,” Transl Behav Med, vol. 6, pp. 558-565, Dec 2016. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[21] | Bort-Roig, J., N. D. Gilson, A. Puig-Ribera, R. S. Contreras, and S. G. Trost, “Measuring and influencing physical activity with smartphone technology: a systematic review,” Sports Med, vol. 44, pp. 671-86, May 2014. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[22] | Jankowska, M.M., J. Schipperijn, and J. Kerr, “A Framework For Using GPS Data In Physical Activity And Sedentary Behavior Studies,” Exercise and sport sciences reviews, vol. 43, pp. 48-56, 2015. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[23] | Lobelo, F., H. M. Kelli, S. C. Tejedor, M. Pratt, M. V. McConnell, S. S. Martin, et al., “The Wild Wild West: A Framework to Integrate mHealth Software Applications and Wearables to Support Physical Activity Assessment, Counseling and Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction,” Prog Cardiovasc Dis, vol. 58, pp. 584-94, May-Jun 2016. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[24] | Kerr, J., C. R. Marinac, K. Ellis, S. Godbole, A. Hipp, K. Glanz, et al., “Comparison of Accelerometry Methods for Estimating Physical Activity,” Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol. 49, pp. 617-624, Mar 2017. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[25] | McCrorie, P.R., C. Fenton, and A. Ellaway, “Combining GPS, GIS, and accelerometry to explore the physical activity and environment relationship in children and young people - a review,” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, vol. 11, p. 93, September 13 2014. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[26] | Clark, C.C.T., C. M. Barnes, G. Stratton, M. A. McNarry, K. A. Mackintosh, and H. D. Summers, “A Review of Emerging Analytical Techniques for Objective Physical Activity Measurement in Humans,” Sports Medicine, vol. 47, pp. 439-447, March 01 2017. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[27] | Prince, S.A., K. B. Adamo, M. E. Hamel, J. Hardt, S. C. Gorber, and M. Tremblay, “A comparison of direct versus self-report measures for assessing physical activity in adults: a systematic review,” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, vol. 5, p. 56, November 06 2008. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
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In article | View Article PubMed | ||
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In article | |||
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In article | View Article | ||
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Published with license by Science and Education Publishing, Copyright © 2018 Rachel A. Millstein, Nicolas M. Oreskovic, Lisa M. Quintiliani, Peter James and Stephen Intille
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
[1] | D. E. Warburton, C. W. Nicol, and S. S. Bredin, “Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence,” Canadian medical association journal, vol. 174, pp. 801-809, 2006. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[2] | K. Gebel, D. Ding, T. Chey, E. Stamatakis, W. J. Brown, and A. E. Bauman, “Effect of moderate to vigorous physical activity on all-cause mortality in middle-aged and older Australians,” JAMA internal medicine, vol. 175, pp. 970-977, 2015. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[3] | I.-M. Lee, E. J. Shiroma, F. Lobelo, P. Puska, S. N. Blair, P. T. Katzmarzyk, et al., “Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy,” Lancet, vol. 380, pp. 219-229, 2012. | ||
In article | View Article | ||
[4] | U. Ekelund, J. Steene-Johannessen, W. J. Brown, M. W. Fagerland, N. Owen, K. E. Powell, et al., “Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women,” Lancet, vol. 388, pp. 1302-1310. | ||
In article | View Article | ||
[5] | D. Ding, K. D. Lawson, T. L. Kolbe-Alexander, E. A. Finkelstein, P. T. Katzmarzyk, W. van Mechelen, et al., “The economic burden of physical inactivity: a global analysis of major non-communicable diseases,” Lancet, vol. 388, pp. 1311-1324. | ||
In article | View Article | ||
[6] | S. A. Carlson, J. E. Fulton, M. Pratt, Z. Yang, and E. K. Adams, “Inadequate physical activity and health care expenditures in the United States,” Progress in cardiovascular diseases, vol. 57, pp. 315-323, 2015. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[7] | A. L. Fedewa and S. Ahn, “The effects of physical activity and physical fitness on children's achievement and cognitive outcomes: a meta-analysis,” Research quarterly for exercise and sport, vol. 82, pp. 521-535, 2011. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[8] | National Physical Activity Plan Alliance (2016). 2016 US report card on physical activity for children and youth. Columbia, SC. | ||
In article | |||
[9] | Katzmarzyk, P.T., Lee, I.M., Martin, C.K., and Blair, S.N, “Epidemiology of Physical Activity and Exercise Training in the United States,” Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, vol. 60, pp. 3-10. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[10] | King, A.C and J.F. Sallis, “Why and How to Improve Physical Activity Promotion: Lessons from Behavioral Science and Related Fields,” Preventive medicine, vol. 49, pp. 286-288, 07/21 2009. | ||
In article | |||
[11] | Lamming, L., Pears, S., Mason, D., Morton, K., Bijker, M., Sutton, S, et al., “What do we know about brief interventions for physical activity that could be delivered in primary care consultations? A systematic review of reviews,” Preventive Medicine, vol. 99, pp. 152-163, 2017/06/01/ 2017. | ||
In article | |||
[12] | Baker, P.R., Francis, D.P., Soares, J., Weightman, A.L., and Foster, C, “Community wide interventions for increasing physical activity,” The Cochrane Library, 2015. | ||
In article | View Article | ||
[13] | Pandit, A., Ferguson, M.J., and Spring, B, “Translating clinical evidence to the community: a synopsis and comment on “Community wide interventions for increasing physical activity”,” Translational behavioral medicine, vol. 1, p. 369, 2011. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[14] | Dzewaltowski, D.A., P. A. Estabrooks, and R. E. Glasgow, “The Future of Physical Activity Behavior Change Research: What Is Needed to Improve Translation of Research into Health Promotion Practice?,” Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, vol. 32, pp. 57-63, 2004. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[15] | Reis, R.S., D. Salvo, D. Ogilvie, E. V. Lambert, S. Goenka, and R. C. Brownson, “Scaling up physical activity interventions worldwide: stepping up to larger and smarter approaches to get people moving,” Lancet, vol. 388, pp. 1337-1348, 2016/09/24/ 2016. | ||
In article | |||
[16] | Ward, D.S., K. R. Evenson, A. Vaughn, A. B. Rodgers, and R. P. Troiano, “Accelerometer use in physical activity: best practices and research recommendations,” Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol. 37, pp. S582-8, Nov 2005. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[17] | Trost, S.G., R. R. Pate, P. S. Freedson, J. F. Sallis, and W. C. Taylor, “Using objective physical activity measures with youth: how many days of monitoring are needed?,” Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol. 32, pp. 426-31, Feb 2000. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[18] | Trost, S.G., P. D. Loprinzi, R. Moore, and K. A. Pfeiffer, “Comparison of accelerometer cut points for predicting activity intensity in youth,” Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol. 43, pp. 1360-8, Jul 2011. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[19] | Kelly, P., C. Fitzsimons, and G. Baker, “Should we reframe how we think about physical activity and sedentary behaviour measurement? Validity and reliability reconsidered,” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, vol. 13, p. 32, March 01 2016. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[20] | Brannon, E.E., C. C. Cushing, C. J. Crick, and T. B. Mitchell, “The promise of wearable sensors and ecological momentary assessment measures for dynamical systems modeling in adolescents: a feasibility and acceptability study,” Transl Behav Med, vol. 6, pp. 558-565, Dec 2016. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[21] | Bort-Roig, J., N. D. Gilson, A. Puig-Ribera, R. S. Contreras, and S. G. Trost, “Measuring and influencing physical activity with smartphone technology: a systematic review,” Sports Med, vol. 44, pp. 671-86, May 2014. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[22] | Jankowska, M.M., J. Schipperijn, and J. Kerr, “A Framework For Using GPS Data In Physical Activity And Sedentary Behavior Studies,” Exercise and sport sciences reviews, vol. 43, pp. 48-56, 2015. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[23] | Lobelo, F., H. M. Kelli, S. C. Tejedor, M. Pratt, M. V. McConnell, S. S. Martin, et al., “The Wild Wild West: A Framework to Integrate mHealth Software Applications and Wearables to Support Physical Activity Assessment, Counseling and Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction,” Prog Cardiovasc Dis, vol. 58, pp. 584-94, May-Jun 2016. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[24] | Kerr, J., C. R. Marinac, K. Ellis, S. Godbole, A. Hipp, K. Glanz, et al., “Comparison of Accelerometry Methods for Estimating Physical Activity,” Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol. 49, pp. 617-624, Mar 2017. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[25] | McCrorie, P.R., C. Fenton, and A. Ellaway, “Combining GPS, GIS, and accelerometry to explore the physical activity and environment relationship in children and young people - a review,” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, vol. 11, p. 93, September 13 2014. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[26] | Clark, C.C.T., C. M. Barnes, G. Stratton, M. A. McNarry, K. A. Mackintosh, and H. D. Summers, “A Review of Emerging Analytical Techniques for Objective Physical Activity Measurement in Humans,” Sports Medicine, vol. 47, pp. 439-447, March 01 2017. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[27] | Prince, S.A., K. B. Adamo, M. E. Hamel, J. Hardt, S. C. Gorber, and M. Tremblay, “A comparison of direct versus self-report measures for assessing physical activity in adults: a systematic review,” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, vol. 5, p. 56, November 06 2008. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[28] | Janz, K.F., J. Witt, and L. T. Mahoney, “The stability of children's physical activity as measured by accelerometry and self-report,” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol. 27, pp. 1326-1332, 1995. | ||
In article | View Article PubMed | ||
[29] | Sylvia, L.G., E. E. Bernstein, J. L. Hubbard, L. Keating, and E. J. Anderson, “A Practical Guide to Measuring Physical Activity,” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, vol. 114, pp. 199-208, 11/28 2014. | ||
In article | |||
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In article | View Article | ||
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