Figures index : Suppression of Inflammatory Mediators by Ethanol Extracts of Pennisetum purpureum S. (Napiergrass Taishigrass no. 2) in Activated RAW 264.7 Macrophages : Science and Education Publishing

Figures index

Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. 2020, 8(8), 392-398 doi:10.12691/jfnr-8-8-2

Figure 1. Effects of ethanol extracts of napiergrass Taishigrass no. 2 (NT2) on cell proliferation. RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with various concentrations of extracts as indicated, in the absence or presence of LPS (100 ng/ml) for 24 h. Cell proliferation was measured by MTS assay. Values are means ± SDs (n = 3) from two independent experiments. ab, data that share no letters significantly differ by a one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05)

Figure 2. Effects of ethanol extracts of napiergrass Taishigrass no. 2 (NT2) on nitric oxide (NO) production (A) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) protein expression (B) by RAW 264.7 macrophages. Cells were treated with different concentrations of extracts, in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 ng/ml), for 24 h. NO production was measured by the Griess reaction. iNOS protein expression was determined by Western blotting and the relative expressions were normalized to β-actin. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD from three independent experiments. * Significantly differs from the 0 (ethanol vehicle control) by Student’s t-test. ab, data that share no letters significantly differ by a one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05)

Figure 3. Effects of ethanol extracts of napiergrass Taishigrass no. 2 (NT2) on the production of interleukin (IL)-6 (A) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (B) by RAW 264.7 macrophages. Cells were treated with different concentrations of extracts, in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 ng/ml), for 24 h. Secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α into the cultured medium was analyzed by commercial assay kits according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD from three independent experiments. * Significantly differs from the 0 (ethanol vehicle control) by Student’s t-test. abc, data that share no letters significantly differ by a one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05)

Figure 4. Effects of ethanol extracts of napiergrass Taishigrass no. 2 (NT2) on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Cells were treated with different concentrations of extracts in the absence or presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 ng/ml) for 24 h. The medium was collected to analyze MMP activities by gelatin zymography (A), and clear bands were quantified by Image-Pro Plus software (B, C). mRNA expression of MMP-9 was determined by a real-time PCR (D). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD from three independent experiments. a,b,#,*, data that share no symbols significantly differ within either LPS-untreated or LPS-treated groups by a one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). MMP-2, p >0.05

Figure 5. Effects of ethanol extracts of napiergrass Taishigrass no. 2 (NT2) on mRNA expressions of cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) (A) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) (B) by RAW 264.7 macrophages. Cells were treated with various concentrations of the extracts in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 ng/ml) for 24 h. Total cellular RNA was isolated and analyzed for mRNA expression with a real-time PCR. The relative gene expression was obtained after normalization with GAPDH. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3). ab, data that share no letters significantly differ by a one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). TLR4, p > 0.05