Figures index : Medicinal Effects of Bromelain (Ananas comosus) Targeting Oral Environment as an Anti-oxidant and Anti-inflammatory Agent : Science and Education Publishing

Figures index

Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. 2018, 6(12), 773-784 doi:10.12691/jfnr-6-12-8

Figure 1. Procedure used for the purification of bromelain from Ananas comosus

Figure 2. (A) The ABTS radical scavenging activity of bromelain. The ABTS radical scavenging ability was calculated as (%) = (1 – sample A_734nm/control A_734nm) x 100. (B) The DPPH radical scavenging activity of bromelain. The DPPH radical scavenging ability was calculated as (%) = (1 – sample A_515nm/control A_515nm) x 100. (C) The hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of bromelain. The hydrogen peroxide scavenging ability was calculated as (%) = (1 – sample A_230nm/control A_230nm) x 100. (D) The superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity of bromelain. The SOD-like ability was calculated as (%) = (1 – sample A_420nm/control A_420nm) x 100. All data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). P < 0.05, compared to the positive control

Figure 3. (A) The NO radical scavenging ability of bromelain. The NO radical scavenging ability of bromelain was calculated as (%) = (1 – sample A_420nm/control A_420nm ) x 100. All data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). P < 0.05, compared to the control.(B) Effect of bromelain on inflammatory gene expression (iNOS and COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. (C) Effect of bromelain on the phosphorylation of MAP kinases. (D) Effect of bromelain on AP–1 expression. RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated for 24 h with the indicated concentrations of bromelain before treatment with LPS (1 μg/mL for 30 min). Following this, cell lysates were analyzed by western blotting using the indicated antibodies. β-actin was used as the control. The protein bands are representative of experiments, and the % expression level indicates the level relative to LPS treated cells which were set as 100%. All data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). P < 0.05, compared to the control

Figure 4. Effect of bromelain on the expression of inflammatory genes (Cox-2, TNFα, and iNOS) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The cells were treated for 24 h with the indicated concentrations of bromelain before treatment with LPS (1 μg/mL). RT-PCR analysis of cDNA was performed using primers specific for Cox-2, TNFα, and iNOS, with β-actin used for normalization. The PCR bands are representative of experiments and the densitometric graphs (%) show the Cox-2, TNFα, and iNOS ratios relative to the LPS-treated cells, which was set at 100%

Figure 5. Diagrammatic representation of the effect of bromelain on the various pathways involved in inflammation