Abstract

Purpose: Diet is an environmental factor with the potential to significantly influence body changes. Up to now, no study has investigated the effects of the black bean-licorice-biotae folium extract on humans. Therefore, in this study, we examined the effects of this extract on hair and scalp - with regard to total hair number, hair diameter, scalp moisture and sebum. Materials and Method: This study was a randomized, double-blind clinical trial with a 28 week duration. At the -4 week time point of test product intake, participants were enrolled according to criteria and underwent a washout period (4 weeks). At weeks 0, subjects were randomly assigned to one of two treatment regimens: (i) placebo product (4 capsules/day, 700 mg/capsule) or (ii) test product (4 capsules/day, 700 mg/capsule). At weeks 0 and 24, we performed a visual assessment, hair number count and hair diameter, scalp hydration level and sebum excretion level. Results: Expert assessment was positive for the test group. Although the effect on the hair density was not significant, it was positive. Additionally, the hair diameter in the test group significantly increased and significantly decreased in the placebo group. For scalp hydration, the effect was only positive. However, for sebum, the complex appeared to help sebum secretion decrease. There were no safety issues. Conclusion: This study shows that this oriental herbal complex supplement (a Black Bean (Glycine max), Licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch), and Biotae Folium (Thuja orientalis) mixture) is probably effective in improving hair and scalp conditions.

1. Introduction

The hair growth process can be categorized into three phases: anagen (growing phase, 3-6 years), catagen (regression phase, 2-3 weeks), and telogen (resting phase, 2-4 months) ^{1, 2}. These cycles usually occur approximately 10 to 20 times in a human’s life ². Approximately 80 to 90% of hairs are in the anagen phase, approximately 5% are in the catagen phase and approximately 10% are in the telogen phase ². These cycles are asynchronous and clinical hair loss is defined as losing approximately 50% of the original hair ¹.

The number of people that have problems with their hair and scalp is increasing steadily. These changes have a variety of causes, such as excessive stress, nutrient deficiency, hormonal changes, and scalp physiology changes. Although two FDA-approved hair loss drugs, finasteride and minoxidil, are available, their uses are limited and transient because of unpredictable efficacy and side effects. As mentioned above, because these problems have a variety of causes, more and better treatment options are needed, and alternatives have been proposed based on these causes ⁵.

Traditionally, topical and oral medicines such as minoxidil and finasteride have been the major means to solve hair problems. However, over the past few years, several so-called nutraceuticals for skin and hair conditions have appeared in the market place ⁴. Recently, a nutraceutical supplement based on a new marine complex formulation has been developed to promote hair growth (Viviscal®, Life2good, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) ^{4, 8}.

We have focused on traditional materials, specifically, beans and oriental herbs. Through literature searches and in vitro and in vivo experiment, we have chosen the following few candidates: black bean (Glycine max), licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch), and biotae folium (Thuja orientalis). Black beans are known to be effective in the hair as a source of protein because they contain cysteine, an essential component of hair ^{6, 7}. The black bean has lecithin, phytoestrogen, unsaturated fatty acids, anthocyanins and a large amount of protein. These ingredients contribute to physiological actions such as antioxidant effects, anti-obesity effects, estrogenic effects, and immune responses. Additionally, the black bean is known to affect blood circulation and nutrition delivery ². Through literature searches and in vitro and in vivo tests, we know that licorice and biotae are effective with respect to 5α-reductase inhibition, hair cell growth, blood lipid oxidation prevention and blood lipid reduction. Additionally we know that the three-ingredients combination is more effective than each alone or in a two-component combination. In vivo results showed that this mixture supplement is as effective as a topical treatment ^{2, 3}.

Diet is an environmental factor with the potential to significantly influence body changes. Up to now, there is no study investigating the effects of the black bean-licorice-biotae folium extract in humans. Therefore, in this study, we examined the effects of this extract on hair and the scalp, including analyses of total hair number, hair diameter, scalp moisture and sebum.

2. Material and Methods

This study was a randomized double-blind clinical trial with a 28 week duration. At the -4 week time of test product intake, participants were enrolled according to the criteria and underwent a washout period (4 weeks). At 0 weeks, subjects were randomly assigned to one of two treatment regimens: (i) placebo product (4 capsules/day, 700 mg/capsule) or (ii) test product (4 capsule/day, 700 mg/capsule). The subsequent experiments and safety checks for adverse events are shown in Table 1.

Sample size was determined according to the formula ‘n=[2x(Zα+Zβ)2xσ2]/Δ2. In this study, Zα =1.96, Zβ=0.84, σ=2.4803, and Δ=4.0029 (σ and Δ were based on a previous report). Then, we applied the dropout rate, 43%, to calculate the suitable number of subjects.

Twenty-eight healthy Korean female volunteers were enrolled in this study. Two persons voluntarily withdrew their consent during the wash out period, so there was a total of twenty-six subjects included. Their ages ranged from 26 to 55 years (mean±SD: 47.3±5.9).

Inclusion criteria were as follows: Healthy, Korean females aged 18 to 55 years with androgenic alopecia. Exclusion criteria included subjects with any cutaneous disease, systemic diseases, pregnancy and lactation, or history of any surgical treatment (hair, scalp). We excluded one patient who had a history of using related topical- and systemic-products within the preceding 6 months.

Additionally, subjects had to use only provided products (test product, shampoo and conditioner) and were prohibited from using other products and services to care for their hair and scalp. Subjects also had to maintain their regular diet. The subjects were instructed to return any remaining capsules to the investigators, and subjects who failed to take ≥ 80% of the capsule-intake were disqualified from further participation.

Products were prepared as a hard capsule (700 mg/capsule) containing the ingredients listed in Table 2. Commercially available cellulose, lactose mixture, and magnesium stearate were used. Black bean extract, licorice extract and biotae folium extract were prepared by Amorepacific Co. (Korea).

The shampoo and conditioner, which were made by Amorepacific Co. and were available on the market, were provided to subjects.

The hair loss improvement score was quantified by two dermatologists at recruitment, 0 weeks and 24 weeks. In this evaluation, the score scale was -3 (worst), -2, -1, 0 (no change), +1, +2, +3 (best).

The measuring site was shaved, marked by a tattoo and then photographed at 0 weeks and 24 weeks. The photographs were analyzed using a phototrichogram device VHX-100 (Keyence, Japan).

The assessment of scalp hydration was carried out using the Moisture Pin (Cortex Technology, Denmark). It has a pin type probe, which is effective in measuring scalp hydration level. Measurements are arbitrarily expressed as indices of hydration, which increase with increasing hydration.

The sebum test site included the border of the forehead and hair, and assessment of sebum was conducted using the Sebumeter 810 PC (Courage & Khazaka, Germany). The unit of measure is μg/cm², which increases with increasing sebum level.

Assessment of the parameters was performed at 0 weeks and 24 weeks of treatment in a controlled environment with a room temperature of 22±2°C and a relative humidity of 50±10% after 30 min of acclimatization.

This study was performed at Ellead (Korea) in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local Institutional Review Board. The participants signed an informed consent form and underwent the required procedures.

Experimental results are presented as the mean±SD (standard deviation). Analysis between groups was performed using the t-test using SPSS software (SPSS Inc., USA) and MS Excel software (Microsoft Co., USA). In all tests, p-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

3. Results

Twenty-one subjects completed the entire study treatment protocol: placebo group (n=11), test group (n=10). The number of subjects satisfied the sample size requirement. In both groups, the capsule-intake rate was above 99%. Two persons voluntarily withdrew their consent during the washout period. Two subjects from the placebo group and three subjects from the test group were excluded owing to lack of cooperation. No adverse reactions were recorded for any of the study participants.

Among the eleven subjects in the placebo group, there were five subjects who showed no changes in hair loss and the other subjects showed worse hair loss. However, in the test group, most of the subjects remained unchanged and two showed improvement in hair loss (Table 4).

As shown in Table 5, Table 6, the hair number in the placebo group decreased with an improvement rate of -2.9%; in the test group, it increased by 2.6% after 24 weeks. However there was no statistically significant difference. Hair diameter, in the placebo group significantly decreased by 9.05%; in the test group, it significantly increased by 10.93% after 24 weeks. At 24 weeks, there were significant differences between the placebo and the test groups with respect to hair diameter (p<0.05).

In the test group, scalp hydration slightly increased, but the increase was not statistically significant. The improvement rate was +9.21%. However, in the case of the placebo, the scalp hydration level significantly decreased after 24 weeks (-22.45%) (Table 7).

In both groups, the sebum level decreased, the decrease was statistically significant (25.00% in the placebo group, 61.80% in the test group. However, the degree of decrease in sebum level in the test group was much greater than the control group. At 24 weeks, there were significant differences between the placebo and the test group with respect to sebum level on the upper forehead (p<0.05) (Table 8).

4. Discussion

To validate the effects in humans, we investigated the efficacy of a Black Bean (Glycine max), Licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch), Biotae Folium (Thuja orientalis) mixture (2:1:1) on hair as well as the scalp in healthy Korean females aged 18-55 years old with androgenic alopecia. We conducted the test over a period of four weeks and a period of 28 weeks. A total of 28 subjects were randomly allocated; seven subjects were excluded from being tested, and a total of 21 subjects (11 subjects in the placebo group, 10 subjects in the test group) completed this study. There were positive results with respect to hair number, hair diameter, scalp hydration, sebum secretion and experts’ assessment. Although the effect on hair density was not significant, it was positive. The hair diameter in the test group significantly increased and significantly decreased in the placebo group. For scalp hydration, the results were only positive. However with regard to sebum, the complex appeared to help keep sebum secretion down. There were no safety problems in the study.

In previous in vitro and in vivo studies, we determined that these compounds had effects on dermal papilla cell proliferation, K+ channel modulation (effects on capillary vessels) and hair growth, etc. Additionally, there were increases in total antioxidant capacity and reductions in blood lipid levels. ^{2, 3} Futhermore, sebum level reductions helped to prevent pore-closure due to sebum, and eczema due to fungi which cause inflammation and itching. Perhaps there were improvements in human hair and scalp conditions because of these effects and nutrient supplementation.

Despite several limitations, the present study shows that administration of the combination of black bean (Glycine max), licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch), and biotae folium (Thuja orientalis) is helpful for hair and scalp conditions’ improvement. Although the effects may be weaker than medication, long-term food supplementation appears to be safer, and its effects are longer lasting without negative effects.

However, several controlled human studies with large numbers of participants, including a variety of experiment periods and a variety of combinations and dosages of candidate herbs, will be necessary to verify the effects and to better understand their mechanism of action.

5. Conclusion

In summary, this study show that this oriental herbal complex supplement is probably effective in improving hair and scalp conditions.

References