Figures index : Porphyra tenera Extracts Have Immune Stimulation Activity via Increasing Cytokines in Mouse Primary Splenocytes and RAW264.7 Macrophages : Science and Education Publishing

Figures index

Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. 2016, 4(9), 558-565 doi:10.12691/jfnr-4-9-1

Figure 1. Cell viability in RAW264.7 cells with PTW, PTE10, and PTE70 treatment. Three Porphyra tenera extracts were tested on RAW264.7 cells. After 24-h treatment, the viability of RAW264.7 cells was measured. PTE70 was decreased the cell viability of RAW264.7. (A) The cell viability of PTW for 24 h. (B) The cell viability of PTE10 for 24 h. (C) The cell viability of PTE70 for 24 h

Figure 2. Effects of NO and LDH production in RAW264.7 cells with PTW, PTE10, and PTE70 treatment. NO and LDH assays were performed in dose-dependent manner by the treatment of PTW, PTE10, and PTE70. (A) The amount of NO was measured in PTW, PTE10, and PTE70. PTW and PTE10 induced NO production. (B) LDH assay performed in RAW264.7 cell by the treatment of PTW, PTE10, and PTE70. PTW and PTE10 induced LDH level. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 compared to control

Figure 3. Induction of proinflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 cells and mouse primary splenocytes by PTE10. Cytokine expression was tested in RAW264.7 cells during immune stimulation by PTE10. After PTE10 treatment, cytokines expression was increased. (A) IL-1β expression in mouse primary splenocytes. (B) IL-2 expression in mouse primary splenocytes. (C) IL-4 expression in mouse primary splenocytes. (D) IFN-γ expression in mouse primary splenocytes. (E) iNOS expression in mouse primary splenocytes. (F) phosphorylated-Akt, phosphorylated-JNK, phosphorylated-ERK expression was detected by Western blot analysis with PTE10 treatment. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 compared to control

Figure 4. In vivo toxicity of PTE10. PTE10 was not affecting the short-term and long-term toxicity in vivo mouse. (A) In vivo toxicity of PTE10 in short-term. (B) In vivo toxicity of PTE10 in long-term. Data are presented as mean values of enzymatic activities (U/L) in various organs of mice fed PTE10 (500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight) or water as a control. ALT, AST, creatine, and urea levels in plasma of mice fed PTE10 or vehicle [500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight] (C) short-term and (D) long-term

Figure 5. In vivo induction of cytokines by PTE10 in mouse primary splenocytes. Oral administration of PTE10 enhanced secretion of cytokines in mouse primary splenocytes (A) Expression of IL-1β in primary splenocytes fed PTE10 (500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight). (B) Expression of IL-2 in splenocytes fed PTE10 (500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight). (C) Expression of IL-4 in splenocytes fed PTE10 (500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight). (D) Expression of IFN-γ in splenocytes fed PTE10 (500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight). (E) Expression of iNOS in splenocytes fed PTE10 (500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight). *P < 0.05 compared to control

Figure S1. The weight of mouse organs was measured during short term (A) and long term (B). There is no toxicity in the change of mouse’s weight. The mortality and changes on body weight, organ weight were monitored short term and term. The weight of the organs from mouse are not significant change. There are no toxicity effect on organs