Figures index : Effects of Byproduct Lactic Acid and Byproduct Betaine As Feed Additives on the Metabolomic Profiles of Blood, Meat, and Fat Tissue of Juvenile Bester Sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus × Huso huso) : Science and Education Publishing

Figures index

Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. 2025, 13(3), 146-155 doi:10.12691/jfnr-13-3-4

Figure 1. A sunburst plot visualized the statistics and hierarchical assignment of the 388 metabolites. The innermost, middle, and outermost rings represent the super-class, class, and subclass categories based on the Human Metabolite Database (HMDB; https:// hmdb.ca/metabolite), respectively. “NA” represents “not annotated.”

Figure 2. PCA analysis of metabolites in meat, fat, and blood of: A, lactic acid group; B, betaine group; and C, basic diet P and additives (byproduct lactic acid L and byproduct betaine B). PP1A, PP2A, and PP3A are three replicates of the basic diet. PL1A, PL2A, and PL3A are three replicates of the basic diet supplemented with a byproduct rich in lactic acid. PB1A, PB2A, and PB3A are three replicates of the basic diet supplemented with a byproduct rich in betaine. There is an obvious separation trend between blood tissue and the other two tissues, while the separation between meat tissue and fat tissue is not obvious. There is an obvious separation trend among the basic diet and the additives

Figure 3. OPLS-DA analysis of metabolites in meat, fat, and blood: A, lactic acid group; B, betaine group; and C, basic diet P and additives (byproduct lactic acid L and byproduct betaine B). PP1A, PP2A, and PP3A are three replicates of the basic diet. PL1A, PL2A, and PL3A are three replicates of the basic diet supplemented with a byproduct rich in lactic acid. PB1A, PB2A, and PB3A are three replicates of the basic diet supplemented with a byproduct rich in betaine. R²X, R²Y, and Q² indicated significant differences among the three tissues. Furthermore, there is an obvious separation between the basic diet and the additives

Figure 4. Differential metabolites were screened with LDA scores >1.5 in blood, fat, and meat tissues of: A, lactic acid group; B, betaine group; and C, basic diet P and additives (byproduct lactic acid L and byproduct betaine B). Differential biomarker metabolites were screened with LDA scores >3 in the feed group

Figure 5. Biomarkers screened between blood samples of bester sturgeons fed pure feed additives and commercial by-product feed additives. According to the type of feed additive, A and B are from the lactic acid group, and C and D are from the betaine group. In A and C, the blood samples of bester sturgeons fed with pure betaine and lactic acid as feed additives were collected at 3°C. In B and D, the blood samples of bester sturgeons fed with pure betaine and lactic acid as feed additives were collected at 13°C

Figure 6. Biomarkers screened between meat samples of bester sturgeons fed pure feed additives and commercial by-product feed additives. According to the type of feed additive, A presented the results of the lactic acid group, and B presented the results of the betaine group

Figure 7. Biomarkers screened between fat samples of bester sturgeons fed pure feed additives and commercial by-product feed additives. According to the type of feed additive, A presented the results of the lactic acid group, and B presented the results of the betaine group

Figure 8. KEGG enrichment analysis of lactic acid group (A) and betaine group (B). Rich factor refers to the ratio of the differential metabolites in corresponding pathways to the total number of metabolites detected in this pathway. The size of the bubbles in the figure represents the number of differential metabolites enriched in the metabolomic concentration of the pathway, and the color of the bubbles represents the magnitude of different enrichment significance P-values