Figure 3. OPLS-DA analysis of metabolites in meat, fat, and blood: A, lactic acid group; B, betaine group; and C, basic diet P and additives (byproduct lactic acid L and byproduct betaine B). PP1A, PP2A, and PP3A are three replicates of the basic diet. PL1A, PL2A, and PL3A are three replicates of the basic diet supplemented with a byproduct rich in lactic acid. PB1A, PB2A, and PB3A are three replicates of the basic diet supplemented with a byproduct rich in betaine. R2X, R2Y, and Q2 indicated significant differences among the three tissues. Furthermore, there is an obvious separation between the basic diet and the additives : Effects of Byproduct Lactic Acid and Byproduct Betaine As Feed Additives on the Metabolomic Profiles of Blood, Meat, and Fat Tissue of Juvenile Bester Sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus × Huso huso) : Science and Education Publishing

Figure 3. OPLS-DA analysis of metabolites in meat, fat, and blood: A, lactic acid group; B, betaine group; and C, basic diet P and additives (byproduct lactic acid L and byproduct betaine B). PP1A, PP2A, and PP3A are three replicates of the basic diet. PL1A, PL2A, and PL3A are three replicates of the basic diet supplemented with a byproduct rich in lactic acid. PB1A, PB2A, and PB3A are three replicates of the basic diet supplemented with a byproduct rich in betaine. R²X, R²Y, and Q² indicated significant differences among the three tissues. Furthermore, there is an obvious separation between the basic diet and the additives

Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. 2025, 13(3), 146-155 doi:10.12691/jfnr-13-3-4