Figure 1. The effects of different concentrations of betanin on cell viability, and on LPS-induced cell survival, NO production, and PGE2 production in RAW 264.7 cells. (A) The effects of different concentrations of betanin on cell viability. The cells were treated with different concentrations of betanin for 24 h; (B) The effect of different concentrations of betanin on LPS-induced cell survival. The cells were pretreated with different concentrations of betanin for 1 h, and then LPS (0.1μg/mL) was added to the medium and incubated for 24 h, and then the cell survival was measured by MTT assay; (C) The effect of different concentrations of betanin on LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells. The cells were pretreated with different concentrations of betanin for 1 h, and then LPS (0.1μg/mL) was added to the medium and incubated for 24 h; (D) The effect of different concentrations of betanin on LPS-induced PGE2 production in RAW 264.7 cells. The cells were pretreated with different concentrations of betanin for 1 h, and then LPS (0.1 μg/mL) was added to the medium and incubated for 18 h. Data are presented by means ± SD (n=3). # p < 0.05, compared to the control. * p< 0.05, compared to the cells treated with LPS.

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Mitigation of LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses Via Inhibition of NF-kB and MAPK Signaling Pathways by Betanin, a Coloring Agent

Ming-Jen Sheu, Shih-Ying Chen, Charng-Cherng Chyau, Ying-Chun Lin, Pin-Der Duh

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