Abstract

Equal and adequate spreading of Service facilities for all is the prime thing to ensuring equity and quality of life to society. This distribution ensures equal service to all and it is the prerequisite of development of a city. Major cities in Bangladesh now facing rapid urban growth with severe growth of population. For this equal distribution of service, facilities can’t be ensured and that’s why a sustainable development can’t be gained. This consequence of urban haphazard results in Pollution, degradation of the environment, the price hike of land traffic jams, social injustice, and economical degradation. This study finds out the existing distribution pattern of public service facilities like School, College, Community Clinic, and Urban market of Pabna. From the existing pattern point of view, this study also finds out the surplus and definiens of these facilities using the LQ method with threshold population identification by the linear regression model. This study paves a way to the policy and plan makes where the public service facilities are needed and where there is a cluster. By using this study, it will be easy to find out this distribution pattern of these service facilities and also can solve them and equity to urban dwellers of the study area can be ensured.

1. Introduction

Bangladesh is one of the world’s maximum densely populated country with a populace of one hundred fifty million ¹. This country has faced fast urbanization and industrialization in the direction of significant economic prosperity. Multitudes of people are migrating to urban areas for higher life and employment possibilities ². Socio-economic centers are a crucial part of the citizens of any metropolis inside the global that is the prerequisite for a healthful and joyful dwelling environment in the town. It also impacts the nearby patterns of traits, environmental impacts, and preserving a socially ideal level of best of lifestyles ³. A carrier is something that the general public wishes, which includes shipping, communications facilities, hospitals, or electricity substances, that are furnished in a deliberate and organized way through the authorities or a legitimate frame. Services and facilities are city items designated to satisfy supportive features associated with the health and nicely-being of the residents of the contemporary society of the agricultural vicinity ⁴. The accessibility of various varieties of public facilities inside a city location is needed to achieve precise goals in the city making plans. Making plans requirements are important in such cases to assist gain adequacy and high-quality services and centers ⁵. Except the increasing urban populace creates a strain on current socio-monetary facilities of the urban regions and the government will become not able to satisfy the increasing call for socio-monetary facilities ⁶. Useful hole analysis and the evaluation of the median threshold populace are the high consciousness of regional competitiveness analysis in this have a look at. Useful gap evaluation describes the variations between required and actual provider facilities ⁷. A threshold populace is usually demarcated for the reason that the least level of the populace required to assist a provider established order at a suitable degree of going back or profit ⁸. Each rural town is overshadowed with the aid of a few metropolitan places with modem shopping facilities, vehicle department stores, discount stores, and upscale shopping regions. Hence, leakage of retail alternate is likely. Never- the less, many groups have the aim of preserving and improving their cluster of retail and service agencies ⁹. The main objective of the study is to explore the Urban facilities of Pabna a Secondary township of Bangladesh. The study also shows the number of facilities such that the deficiencies and surpluses of the facilities in every Urban area. Firstly, the main goal of threshold population calculation is to calculate the minimum number of people for a service or facilities. Threshold population calculation refers to minimum levels below which a person is considered to lack adequate subsistence and to be living in those Urban facilities in Secondary township. The facilities like Primary School, High School, college, community Clinic, Growth Center, Market, Madrasa, etc. are available in core urban areas but not sufficient in Secondary township areas. For this purpose, the threshold population is calculated in every Upazila to explore and to identify minimum facilities hence the surplus can be determined and can solve the surplus through future master Plans towards a sustainable and proper township.

2. Study Area Profile

The Pabna district was established in 1832. It consists of 9 Upazilas, 8 municipalities, 81 wards, 191 mahallas, 72 union parishads, 1321 Mouzas, and 1540 villages. Atgharia Upazila, Bera Upazila, Bhangura Upazila, Chatmohar Upazila, Faridpur Upazila, Ishwardi Upazila, Pabna Sadar Upazila, Santhia Upazila, Sujanagar Upazila at the 9 Upzila of it. Pabna Sadar is one of them. Pabna Sadar is an Upazila of Pabna District in the Division of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Pabna Sadar Upazila (Pabna district) area is 443.90 sq km, located in between 23°53' and 24°05' north latitudes and in between 89°09' and 89°25' east longitudes. It is bounded by atgharia and ishwardi Upazila on the north, kumarkhali, and pangsha Upazila on the south, santhia, and sujanagar Upazila on the east, Ishwardi Upazila on the west. The only mental hospital (established in 1957) of Bangladesh is located in the town ¹⁰. Area: 2371.50 sq km, Population: 360627; male 51.17%, female 48.83%; Muslim 95.12%, Hindu 4.50%, Christian 0.22% and others 0.16%. Administration: Pabna district was established in 1832. It consists of 9 Upazila, 8 municipalities, 81 wards, 191 mahallas, 72 union parishads, 1321 Mouza, and 1540 villages ¹¹. This is a plain area with a dense population in the Upazila township area. The population density is 8130/sq km. About 26 percent area is observed in urban-rural mixed character, where all the facilities/services provided by the Upazila are not available. These areas are predominantly agricultural in nature. Of course, over time, these areas will be converted into the township for all practical purposes. The land under the Upazila area is fairly fertile, and social crime is not that dominant ¹².

3. Working Procedure and Methods

The study includes very little primary data and most of the secondary data which are collected from the Upazila office and Union Parishads. Primary data is such type of data which data we collected by a questionnaire survey from every union. The questionnaire survey is asked to the union chairman to collect the selected service facilities such as Primary School, High School, College, Madrasa, Community clinic, Growth Center. This type of data is limited use in this report and calculation because of the short time. Secondary data are collected from such sources as LGED, Union, website, map, thesis paper, previous report, Population census report, etc. After data collection, analysis is then done for calculating a shortage of facilities or a surplus of facilities. Diverse techniques may be used but we used simplest a simple linear regression version. In the beginning, evaluation of the number of current centers takes place then the calculation of the brink populace became accomplished. The threshold population of the have a look at area is calculated by an easy linear regression version to find out the existing and required carrier facilities of the look at the region.

The median threshold population of amenity action is gritty using the subsequent

The horizontal coordinate for a specific service activity, ⁶.

Median population threshold = m+(x-1) ×k.

m= Midpoint of first population level.

k= Equal interval between midpoints of population levels. ¹³ Threshold population, Pt=(ad-bc)/(d-b) ¹⁴.

Where, Pt = threshold populace, Ag = without amenity at this and superior level, PS = with amenity at this and minor level, a = Intercept of Ag, b = Slope of Ag, c = Intercept of Ps, d = Slope of Ps, Y = Midpoint of Population.

A location quotient is a method of computing the relative influence of one exact zone to the whole. L.Q. = (xi/ni) / (x/n). Where, xi= number of amenities I in a specified block, ni = population of the concerned block, x = number of amenities I in the town, n = Entire population of the urban. If LQ < 1, then the specific amenity is less if LQ=1, the specific amenity is precisely adequate, and if LQ>1, specific amenity is above ².

4. Data-analysis and Interpretations

In Pabna Upazila, Service facilities are not well planned. Generally better service facilities are concentrated in the central ward. (Table 1) is representing the existing service distribution of the study area. There are 9 Unions at Pabna Upazila. The total population of that area is 360627. There are 89 primary schools, 8 colleges, 11 Madrasa, 18 High Schools, 5 growth centers, and 33 health centers at the Upazila area. From further analysis, the surplus and deficit of the service facility will be determined.

This distribution pattern of amenities suggests whether or not or not the amenities are targeted in some specific vicinity or flippantly distributed. This sample actually cannot simply outline the disparity in full context. That is due to the fact the vicinity there's a concentration of facility; there may be the attention of the population too.

So, to understand the disparity greater honestly, populace distribution is appeared along with facility distribution. That’s why the LQ method is used in this component which considers the amount of facility and population for the chosen Upazilas region. A region quotient is a way of measuring the relative contribution of 1 precise location to the complete. L. Q. = (xi/ni) / (x/n). For instance, the total number one school of Ataikula will be divided through the entire populace of that union then it will be divided by using the total school-wide variety of the Pabna Upazila and its general population. From Table 2, it is seen that only primary school has sufficient LQ value that means there is an available Primary school present in almost every union. On the other hand, College is absent in numerous unions as well as LQ value is less in most of the unions. Same for madrasa and High School. At the Growth center, the scenario is better but in four unions the growth center LQ value is 0 which means there is a lack in growth center and people have to travel from their residence to far area for shopping. And the LQ value of Health center is less 1 in almost every Union that means most of the dwellers in Upazila have been deprived of getting the proper clinical amenities.

The offerings for which the calculated horizontal coordinate values are determined bad had been omitted from the comparative assessment of the median threshold population or realistic gap analysis. The underlying purpose is that the median threshold populace for those offerings can also be poor and the awful population does not have any kind of real implication. Because of this, issuer centers like rural market, high school, university, number one faculty, and hospital are omitted from comparable analyses (Table 3). (Figure 2) Calculation of median population threshold for (a) High School (b) College (c) madrasa (d) Growth Center (e) Community Clinic. (Figure 2) demonstrates the calculation of the median threshold populace for diverse amenities and facilities which results in a high-quality horizontal coordinate value. The linear regression between No. of union with amenities vague at this and greater level (AG) and No. of union with amenities facility existing at this and minor level (PS) suggests the value of the coefficient of determination (R2) which is about 0.80 or more, which likely that the % of the variance in the dependent variable described by the method of the unbiased variable is about 80% or more.

“Threshold population” is distinct as the least number of individuals essential to be aided by a facility. From (Table 3) the threshold population for each service is determined. For example, every 8130 people need at least one High school at Pabna Upazila. By that value, it can be determined how much High Scholl is needed in every union and how much already have. (Table 4) shows the deficits and Surplus for every service facility in every Union. From (Figure 2) it is seen that there is a huge deficit at High School, Colleges, and Growth Centers. Almost every union is deprived of these two Service facilities. On the other hand, the primary school has proper service for all and so has a community clinic. But there is a surplus in some unions. That means no proper distribution of this service facility is being made. When there is a deficit in service facilities like High school, Colleges, or Growth centers that means people have to cover a lot of distance for education and shopping. That means people become economically vulnerable and waste to time occurs. Also, trip generation is a consequence of it. As a result, traffic jam occurs, and also education institutes being clustered. So that one of the basic needs of the human being is deprived of.

5. Conclusion

The identity of modern-day provider facilities with a gap paved a way to find out the weak point of the contemporary making plans procedure. Bangladesh is dealing with an extreme amount of issues in terms of right making plans and fairness of provider facilities for everyone. This analysis suggests the space inside the gift planning method and how the humans at secondary township are disadvantaged of nice existence no longer getting proper service centers. Additionally, this paper might be helpful for policymakers and researchers to find out where the facilities must accept and wherein humans have to be extra facilitated with services. Pabna is a growing township is predicted to have a massively grown populace with the need for service facilities. For a right making plans g of this town, the planners and policymakers will cognizance at the right fairness of service centers. In the absence of proper planning, the availability of public facilities may comply with a clustered sample main to similar deterioration within the living environment of the city.

Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank Sohel Rana, Assistant professor, and Chairman. Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Pabna University of Science and Technology.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

References