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From
Big Crunch, Big Rip – or a Self-Similar Expansion Replenished by Dark Matter and Dark Energy?
Arne Bergstrom
International Journal of Physics
.
2014
, 2(5), 146-150 doi:10.12691/ijp-2-5-3
F
igure
1.
Pareto distribution
compared to
coinciding for small s. Note the frequent occurrence of longer path lengths s
in the Pareto distribution (cf Figure 2)
Full size figure and legend
F
igure
2
.
The Pareto distribution and negative exponential distribution in Figure 1 displayed in a loglog diagram in comparison with an inverse square distribution. The Pareto distribution agrees with a negative exponential for small
s
and with an inverse square law for large
s
Full size figure and legend
F
igure
3A
.
Simulations of the particle distribution as function of radial distance for a large number of particles, all started at the origin and followed for 6, 8, 12, and 14 generations, respectively, of particle doubling
Full size figure and legend
F
igure
3B.
The four curves in Figure 3A scaled to the same peak value and peak position, illustrating that the curves for different generations have the same functional form, and that the particle distribution thus is self-similar
Full size figure and legend
Fig
ure 4A
.
Spatial distribution of collision points (black) and trajectories (red) for 14 generations of particle doubling after starting a particle at the origin. Note the many open trajectories (“dark energy”) of regime-II-trajectories leading to collision points far away outside the volume shown, and creating new clusters much further away. The closely-knit regime-I-trajectories in the dense clusters of collision points are interpreted as “dark matter”
Full size figure and legend
F
igure
4B.
Enlargement of the upper left corner of Figure 4A, showing a daughter cluster which in fact has just produced a second-generation daughter cluster to the right of the original daughter cluster
Full size figure and legend