1. Introduction

From gravity point of view, so far no model [1-8]^[1] succeeded in understanding the link between strongly interacting nucleons and massive celestial objects. By interconnecting the strong coupling constant and gravitational constant via the Schwarzschild interaction and squared Avogadro number, in the previously published papers, the authors reviewed the basics of nuclear structure with reference to up and down quark masses, proton-neutron beta stability, root mean square radius of proton, nuclear binding energy and magic numbers. In this context, readers are strongly encouraged to see the authors published papers [9-17]^[9]. In this paper an attempt is made to fit the gravitational constant based on the binding energy of conditionally identified stable atomic nuclides starting from Z=30 to 92. Important point to be noted is that, 19.5 to 19.7 MeV can be considered as the characteristic unified binding energy potential.

2. Understanding the Strength of Any Interaction

From the above relations it is reasonable to say that,

1. If it is true that and are fundamental physical constants, then can be considered as a fundamental compound constant related to a characteristic limiting force.

2. Black holes are the ultimate state of matter’s geometric structure ^{[18, 19]}.

3. Magnitude of the operating force at the black hole surface is the order of .

4. Gravitational interaction taking place at black holes can be called as ‘Schwarzschild interaction’.

5. Strength of ‘Schwarzschild interaction’ can be assumed to be unity.

6. Strength of any other interaction can be defined as the ratio of operating force magnitude and the classical or astrophysical force magnitude.

7. If one is willing to represent the magnitude of the operating force as a fraction of i.e. , where , then

(1)

If is very small, becomes very large. In this way, can be called as the strength of interaction. Clearly speaking, strength of any interaction is times less than the ‘Schwarzschild interaction’ and effective becomes .

3. Basic Concepts and Relations of Unification Connected with Nuclear Structure

The following concepts and relations can be given a chance in final unification program.

1. Avogadro number is an absolute number ^{[20, 21, 22, 23]} and it is having no units like ‘per mole’. Atomic interaction strength is times less than the Schwarzschild interaction and hence atomic gravitational constant can be expressed as:

(2)

Here, is the unified atomic mass unit, is the molar mass unit expressed as ‘one gram’ and hence it is possible to think that, constitutes number of atoms which in turn constitutes number of protons.

2. Similar to the classical force limit , in atomic and nuclear system there exists a characteristic force of magnitude:

(3)

3. In various ‘forms, where seems to play a crucial role in nuclear and atomic physics ^[10].

4. Naturally occurring stable mass number connected with proton number can be expressed as follows ^{[24, 25, 26]}.

(4)

5. For Z>=30, at the stable mass numbers, nuclear binding energy can be expressed as follows.

(5)

where can be considered as the characteristic binding energy potential and can be represented as,

(6)

Note that, by considering the semi empirical mass formula ^{[24, 25]}, at the estimated stable mass numbers of Z>=30, it is possible to show that, ratio of nuclear binding energy and proton number is close to . It is an observed fact.

4. To Fit the Gravitational Constant with Nuclear Data

G. Rosi et al say ^[27]: “There is no definitive relationship between G and the other fundamental constants, and there is no theoretical prediction for its value, against which to test experimental results. Improving the precision with which we know G has not only a pure metrological interest, but is also important because of the key role that G has in theories of gravitation, cosmology, particle physics and astrophysics and in geophysical models”.

In this context, in the previously published papers ^{[12, 13]} the authors proposed interesting procedures for estimating the gravitational constant.

From above relations it is possible to show that,

(7)

(8)

With this simple formula and considering the actual binding energy ^{[24, 25, 26]} of naturally occurring stable atomic nuclides starting from Z=30 to Z=92 the mean value of the gravitational constant [27-33]^[27] and its standard deviation can be estimated. The important point to be noted is that, to fit the gravitational constant, the authors have chosen the following condition.

(9)

where is the characteristic binding energy potential that lies close to the value obtained from relation (6). The authors try to fit this energy constant as given below.

Step-1: In a unified approach, it is noticed that,

(10)

Step-2: Substituting this result in relation (6) it is noticed that,

(11)

Step-3: From relation (11) it is further noticed that,

(12)

where represents the currently believed strong coupling constant ^{[20, 23]}. Hence relation (11) can be expressed as,

(13)

If

By adjusting the value of strong coupling constant in between 0.116 and 0.12 and fixing the characteristic nuclear size with (1.20 to 1.25) fm, value of can be shown to lie in between 19.5 MeV and 19.7 MeV. For calculation purpose, in this paper, the authors consider two values of i.e. and

Now, by considering the above conditional relation (9), starting from Z=30 to 92, number of stable atomic nuclides can be minimized to 42 for and 47 for After that, by considering relation (8) and by considering the actual binding energies of the conditionally identified stable atomic nuclides, gravitational constant can be estimated for each of the of the atomic nuclide. Average value can be compared with the recommended and other experimental values of the gravitational constant [20,27-33].

5. Discussion

From Table 1 it is noticed that, out of 213 stable atomic nuclides ^[26], by considering 19.6 MeV as a characteristic binding energy potential, 47 stable atomic nuclides can be identified for fitting gravitational constant. The minimum value of the estimated G is 6.62792E-11 m³.kg^-1.sec^-2 and maximum value of the estimated G is 6.75292E-11 m³.kg^-1.sec^-2 Mean of the estimated G for 48 stable atomic nuclides is 6.68541E-11 m³.kg^-1.sec^-2 and standard deviation is 2.9872E-13 m³.kg^-1.sec^-2. See Figure 1 and Table 1.

Note that, by considering 19.5 MeV as a characteristic binding energy potential, 42 stable atomic nuclides can be identified for fitting gravitational constant. The minimum value of the estimated G is 6.559016E-11 m³.kg^-1.sec^-2 and maximum value of the estimated G is 6.73036E-11 m³.kg^-1.sec^-2 Mean of the estimated G for 42 stable atomic nuclides is 6.64761-11 m³.kg^-1.sec^-2 and standard deviation is 3.90471E-13 m³.kg^-1.sec^-2. See Figure 2 and Table 2.

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Figure 1. Estimation of the Gravitational constant with stable atomic nuclides of Z=30 to 92 with 19.6 MeV

Table 1. To fit the gravitational constant with stable atomic nuclides with 19.6 MeV

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Table 2. To fit the gravitational constant with stable atomic nuclides with 19.5 MeV

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Figure 2. Estimation of the Gravitational constant with stable atomic nuclides of Z=30 to 92 with 19.5 MeV

With further research and analysis and by developing the proposed procedure from Z=2 to Z=92, in a suitable manner, accurate value of the gravitational constant can be estimated.

6. Conclusion

In general, ‘Unification’ means: a) Understanding the origin of the rest mass of atomic elementary particles. b) Finding and understanding the critical compositeness of the elementary physical constants. c) Minimizing the number of elementary physical constants. d) Merging different branches of physics with possible and suitable physical concepts. In this context, from final unification point of view [9-17]^[9], qualitatively and quantitatively, proposed method of estimating the gravitational constant can be recommended for further research and analysis.

Acknowledgements

Author Seshavatharam U.V.S is indebted to professors K.V. Krishna Murthy, Chairman, Institute of Scientific Research in Vedas (I-SERVE), Hyderabad, India and Shri K.V.R.S. Murthy, former scientist IICT (CSIR), Govt. of India, Director, Research and Development, I-SERVE, for their valuable guidance and great support in developing this subject.

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