Market gardening is an economic activity for agricultural households in the Réo commune. This activity is affected by climate variability which has an impact on the water resources needed for production. This study aims at analysing agricultural producers’ resilience and adaptation strategies to climate variability of around the Guido dam. The methodological approach considered includes direct observations, surveys carried out with 300 market gardeners and interviews. Rainfall parameters were also analysed. Results revealed an interannual change in rainfall with deficits, surplus and normal years. Climate change periodically results in flooding over irrigated areas and pockets of drought which negatively affect market gardening production. Adaptation strategies were developed by market gardeners and include fertilization (100%), living or dead hedges (100%), improved seeds (90%), drawing water next to the dam (100%), association of crops (86%) water and soil conservation techniques (55%). Considering the benefits generated by this activity, it is essential for government to directly support producers by changing paradigms in decision-making.
The variability of climate conditions poses a major threat to environment and agricultural development 1. Sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa depends on productivity in the agricultural sector 2. Rainwater is the main source of water supply for agricultural production. It is also characterized by major spatial and temporal variability and sometimes serious rainfall deficits compared to the needed quantity for agricultural production 3.
Natural constraints such as the decrease in rainfall and its uneven distribution , associated with poor soils have nowadays led to the development of additional activities in the agricultural sector in Burkina Faso. Yields from rainfed agriculture are no longer sufficient 4 especially for family consumption. This situation led to the development of irrigated farming which is mainly practiced in developed and undeveloped lowlands 5.
In the Western-central region of Burkina Faso, especially in the Réo commune, a massive exploitation of irrigated areas around the Guido dam is made by market gardeners. This exposes the dam to an overexploitation marked by water shortages. This situation is also worsened by climate variability. Controlling this sector by allowing market gardeners to carry out their activities for several months over the year will make it possible to face food insecurity in the study area. Indeed, studies have shown that market gardening plays a significant role in the socio-economic and environmental development 6, 7.
Several studies on market gardening have been carried out 8, 9, 10. However, very few studies have focused on analysing the impacts of climate variability on market gardening. How can market gardening contribute to the socio-economic and environmental development of the Réo commune in a context of climatic variability?
Considering these observations, what perceptions do market gardeners in the municipality of Réo have on climate variability? According to 11, a study focusing on farmers' perceptions of climate variability and the observed climate trends, conducted in a small-scale area can help guide adaptation strategies.
It is therefore appropriate to address this problem. This study aims at analyzing the contribution of market gardening to socio-economic and environmental activities, in a context of climate variability.
The study is conducted in the rural commune of Réo located in the Western-central region of Burkina Faso, in the province of Sanguié between 12°11' and 12°28' North latitude and 2°24' and 2°37 ' West longitude (Figure 1). The commune of Réo is located 15 kilometers away from the city of Koudougou, the county town in the region. The population of Réo was estimated at 33,894 inhabitants in 2022 12.
The climate is a Northern-Sudanian one. The province of Sanguié is characterized by a relatively flat landscape, with lowlands, shallow ravines and residual reliefs. Soils are mostly tropical, ferruginous with little leached surfaces. In the valleys and depressions, we have eutrophic brown soils, vertisols, and hydromorphic soils in the lowlands 13. Their waterlogging ability lends to vegetable growing. The hydrographic network is made up of intermittent, sparse streams fed by rainwater.
2.2. Data Collection and AnalysisIn a context of climatic variability, marked with insufficient agricultural production, farmers are more and more interested in market gardening. The choice of the study area was based on the level of market gardening production around the Guido dam during market gardening campaigns, and also on the observation of the sale of these market gardening products in town which can provide income to market gardeners. This activity is one of the best forms of resilience, absorption and adaptation capacity to address recurring rainfall variations.
The methodology used for data collection consisted of surveys and field observations. The data collection tools involved survey sheets and interview questionnaires organized around the theme of climate variability and its impact on market gardening activities.
The surveys were carried out on the market gardening site with a sample of 300 producer households out of a total of 8403 households. In total, 300 households were surveyed out of 8403, or 1/30 of all households.
The methods used includes (Krejcie & Morgan, 1970) on the different choices of samples and the work of researchers on the method of sampling municipalities, and (Cochran 1977). For a sample of 300 producers, the margin of error that will be tolerated will be around 0.05% 14. The choice of households was made according to criteria such as the use of the dam for related activities such as market gardening, cash cropping, off-season cropping; but also experience in the agricultural production system. The sample calculation formula of Cochran (1977) cited by 14 is as follows:
Our raw E sample is calculated by:
 |
In the formula t is the acceptable alpha error (0.01 to 5%); (p)(q) is the variance of the sample; (d) is the acceptable margin of error (3%) according to Krejcie and Morgan (1970) cited by 14. After obtaining the raw sample, Cochran suggests smoothing the sample by calculating the sample required for the study:
 |
With P referring to the population size.
Individual surveys were randomly conducted on 300 market gardeners using questionnaires with direct and semi-open questions. The interviews made it possible to understand the potential effects of climate variability on market gardening production and to precisely identify adaptation strategies. Field observation around the Guido dam revealed the different techniques used by market gardeners.
Meteorological data from the National Meteorological Agency (ANAM) were taken at the synoptic station of Saria. This station was chosen because of its proximity to the study area and also because of the availability of reliable data. The rainfall parameters over the period 1991 and 2020 were thus considered for analysis.
The analysis of the evolution of rainfall was carried out by calculating the standardized index of precipitation or Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) used by 15. This index, used to quantify rainfall deficits at different time scales, is an important indicator for monitoring variations in vegetation growth with the formula:
 |
With :
- Xi referring to the cumulative rainfall for a year i;
- Xm and Si, respectively represent the average and the standard deviation of the annual rainfall observed for the series concerned. The calculation of this index makes it possible to determine the degree of humidity or dryness of the environment. When the SPI index > 2, we have extreme humidity; for 1 < SPI < 2, this means high humidity; for 0 < SPI < 1, there is moderate humidity; for -1 < SPI < 0, there is moderate drought; if - 2 < SPI < -1, there is severe drought; if SPI < -2, the drought is qualified as extreme.
Data on vegetable production were collected from the General Directorate of Sector Statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal and Fisheries Resources / Provincial Directorate of Agriculture of Sanguié over the period 1991-2020.
Data from the surveys were analysed and processed using KoBo Toolbox software. The Excel 2019 software was also used for the counting and processing of climate data. Arc Gis 10.5 software was used to process the cartographic data.
Market gardening has immensely intensified with residents and other farmers in the area following the construction of the Guido dam. These are off-season vegetable crops grown on relatively small land areas, 0.5 ha on average. The most spread forms of land occupation are heritage (61.3%), donation (34.7%), loan (3.3%), and rental (0.7%). In the study area, donation represents an acquisition system where donor gives a piece of land to the applicant during the dry season. He takes for exploitation during the rainy season. The education level of market gardeners is low (58%).
The main sources of water used are dams (16.2%), traditional wells (80.8%), and boreholes (3%) (Figure 2).
The main pumping mode used by market gardeners is manual drawing (78.4%) and motor pump (15.5%) (Photo 1). Producers from this system divert the water from the dam through canals they dig themselves to feed the water collection basins. They use these collection basins to evacuate the water with motor pumps or watering cans to water the crop plots.
The mode of drainage by gravity is highly developed on the perimeters of the site due to the rugged nature of the relief. On the study site, 78.8% of producers say they are far from the dam and 15.2% say the opposite. They justify the use of motor pumps by the remoteness of their perimeters from the dam. They also set up water collection basins where they keep water from the dam near the gardens.
The field results reveal a diversity of speculations among which onions, tomatoes, cabbage and carrots occupy an important place in terms of production, cultivated areas and the income they generate (Figure 3).
Figure 3 shows that onion and cabbage production is higher with production reaching 7,000 tonnes and 6,200 tonnes respectively in 2021.
Rainfall is a major factor in vegetable production.
Change in rainfall from 1991 to 2020
The results in Figure 4 show that the rainfall varied greatly with an annual average water of 847.46 mm.
This interannual rainfall variability is based on fluctuations between dry, wet and normal years. The years 1994, 1999, 2010, 2016 and 2019 are considered the rainiest, and 2001, 2003, 2005 and 2013 the driest.
3.3. Perception of Market Gardeners on Rainfall VariabilityMarket gardeners have a good perception of the impact of rainfall variability on their production (Figure 5).
Figure 5 indicates that the majority of producers (69.3%) find that yields have decreased due to the drop in rainfall and its high variability. They all (100%) found that climate variability decreases water bodies and in turn dries out crop plants that quickly wilt and do not produce as they did 20 years ago. They say they have to fertilize the soil abundantly because of the poor soil.
3.4. Socio-economic Impacts of Market GardeningThe majority of producers say they save money (69.33%) while (30.67%) affirm the opposite. Market garden products are transported to urban centers (93%) and retail sales on the local market are very low (7%). The sale of these products provides significant income to producers. This income allows them to buy new agricultural equipment, buy draft animals and support social expenses (Figure 6).
Figure 6 reveals that food needs (48.3%) represent a significant share of producers' expenses. Market gardening contributes enormously to food security. Indeed, not all market garden products (10%) are sold on the market. These products are consumed by households, which significantly provides vitamins and mineral elements to cover the nutritional needs of adults and children. However, access to market garden products remains the privilege of the households of market gardeners. The results of the analyses reveal that only 15% of non-market gardeners in Réo can consume it regularly because of their low income.
3.5. Adapting Strategies to Climate VariabilityMarket gardeners have implemented several adaptation strategies. These include live or dead hedges (82%), improved seeds (90%), staking (37%), mulching (100%), association of crops (86%), fertilization (100%) and the layout of the piece of land according to the relief (45%) (Table 1).
Hedges are widely used on the dam site. In fact, 82% of the fields are surrounded by living hedges or dead hedges. Many gardens are fenced off with dead hedges and stalks of millet or corn. The hedge reduces the wind speed and protects the crop plots from domestic animals.
Soil fertilization is done by organic and mineral manure. The results of the surveys indicate that all producers (100%) use organic manure (Photo 2) which would make market gardening impossible. The organic manure used on the site consists mainly of cattle manure sold on site on the market gardening site.
However, 37% of producers use pig manure, collected in their breeding pens. Market gardeners mainly use two types of mineral fertilizer, urea (86%) and the combination (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) (14%).
All the market gardeners surveyed are receptive to the new early seeds (Photo 3).
They get some each year from the agricultural agents. 90% of market gardeners use new improved seeds every year because of their high resilience to climate variability and their larger sizes, such as those of onion pods.
All producers (100%) in the municipality of Réo use pesticides to protect their crops from parasites and harmful insects. The results of the study reveal that only 10% of the producers surveyed protect themselves when using pesticides. 73% of producers say they throw the packaging in nature, and 24% say they burn it. Only3% of surveyed market gardeners admit having thrown the packaging near the dam. The presence of these chemicals in the dam represents a danger for humans, animals and the environment.
Intercropping is a very common practice in the study area (Photo 4).
In intercropping, some plants are used as stakes and windbreaks for fragile plants. In the study site, 37% of market gardeners practice staking (Photo 5). This technique consists of attaching a plant to a stake, which is a wooden branch to support it.
Market gardening is practiced by both men and women. Contrary to the study area, according to the results of the study 6 conducted in Souri, Kénéma and La-Toden, 72% of market gardeners were men. Data from 16, showed that a significant proportion of women practiced market gardening in the regions of the Sahel (71%), Central-East (46%), Central-North (42%) and North (41.8%). According to 17, on the shores of Lake Bagré in Niaogho, market gardening areas are dominated by women and children. However, he recognizes that all the development work on the plots is carried out by men. On the other hand, the studies of 9 showed that in the study area in Bobo-Dioulasso, market gardening is a mainly male activity. There are very few women in the production activity.
Producers’ low instruction noticed through the study sites is a limit to the respect of the standards in the practice of market gardening. For 6, poor education doesn’t enable knowledge transfer between technical agents and farmers concerning the choice of quality seeds and treatment products. According to 18 a large part of market gardeners in production areas in Guinea Bissau are educated. In fact, 35.8% of the people surveyed have secondary education, which gives them an advantage in monitoring and favouring the compliance with technical standards and then generating good results.
Plot granting system is an issue in the exploitation of the lands. The same applies for distance between plots and dam. 5 mention the land tenure security of irrigated perimeters in the municipality of Sourgou in terms of the duration of the contract, the rights of use and the verbal nature of the exploitation contracts which are not respected. 10 finds that the distance of the plots from the water source results in an increase in the cost of investments which contributes to a reduction in the economic profitability of producers.
4.2. Evolution of Rainfall ParametersThe results of the study showed a high rainfall variability observed in the Western-central and other regions of Burkina Faso. 19 report that the rainfall regime in central Burkina Faso has experienced high rainfall variability over the past thirty years (1988-2017) with alternating dry and wet periods. For 20, the disruption of rainfall is a phenomenon experienced by peasants from Burkina Faso.
The consequences of this disruption include the beginnings and ends of dysfunctional rainy seasons. 1 estimates that current climate conditions impact market gardening and the socio-economic life of market gardeners through drought (86%), late rains (66%) and floods (73%).
4.3. Perception of Rainfall Variability by Market GardenersThe study also showed that the producers in the study area have a good perception of the induced effects of climate variability on their production. The perception of the decrease in rainfall by farmers was also indicated by 20 which reports that 46% of the rural population perceive it in the Sudano-Sahelian zone. These results resonate with those collected in the work of 21 who indicate that farmers living around Lake Yaboni in Niger emphasize the decrease in rainfall. From Tougou to the Northern Ouahigouya, 50% of the people surveyed mentioned a drop in rainfall 22. 23 point out that climate variability affects water resources. While water is essential for the exploitation of market gardening. 24 points out that 65% of respondents in Bourbo declare that the unavailability of water is one of the reasons for the low rate of market gardening practiced by the populations around the Bourbo dam. 6 reports that 96% of people surveyed in Souri, Kénéma and La-Toden recognize crop loss as one of the major problems caused by rainfall variation.
4.4. Socio-economic Impacts of Market GardeningOur study revealed that market gardening is an important source of foreign exchange for market gardeners. This corroborates the results of 25 who had shown the importance of income from market gardening on total household income. 18 reveals that the main source of income for farmers is market gardening (88.1%). 6 emphasizes that in terms of consumption onion is used as a spice, or as a condiment used to make sauces nutritious. Indeed, whatever the quantities produced and the state of market gardening, a share is always given to self-consumption. For 26, market gardening plays a significant role in generating monetary income in the areas where it is practiced nowadays. 3 affirm that market gardening is considered an effective means of combating food insecurity 27 and on-farm poverty reduction.
4.5. Strategies for Adapting to Climate VariabilityThis study revealed that farmers have mobilized to face the impact of climate variability. Therefore, several strategies are used on the study area. The adoption rate of the strategies varies according to the needs of the speculation and the objectives of market gardeners. These include mulching, fertilization, live or dead hedges, crop association, fertilization, use of improved seed, collection basins.
Mulching
Mulching, which is an agricultural technique consisting in covering the soil with organic materials, makes it possible to fight against wind and water erosion and/or to restore the physico-chemical properties of cropland. The results of our work also resonate with the work of several authors. According to 17, mulching is probably one of the best strategies developed in flood recession cultivation and allows the continuity of the activity whatever the climate variability conditions of the Bagré area. 5 report that in the locality of Sourgou, market gardeners also use leaves and stems as mulch to cover the market garden plot in order to prevent it from drying out from the sun's rays. Mulching has also been mentioned in other studies such as those carried out by 28. where it appears that 12% of agricultural producers surveyed in Gouré in Niger use mulching on their farms.
Fertilization
Fertilization is also practiced by farmers in other regions. 27 found that organic manure, natural phytosanitary treatments were used in 63.4% of the total surface area of market gardening perimeters on the study areas in the provinces of Kadiogo and Oubritenga. For 29, producers are continuously leaning the techniques relating to the management of soil fertility such as the use of mulch, organic manure as compost. 7 considers that the use of organic manure of animal and household origin is a common practice in lowlands or in undeveloped market gardening sites.
Hedges
As noticed in our study area, market gardeners consider the use of strategies as a necessity for improving production in Niaogho. The most common strategies remain mulching, repeated watering, staking and the hedge technique 17. According to 24, 23% of people questioned around the Bourbo dam use this technique.
The combination of cultures
Faced with space issues, producers, especially 90% of the people surveyed, produce crops to ensure better productivity. This measure allows market gardeners to better occupy the space by frequently associating short and long-cycle species 18. According to 27, the association of crops represents 40.2% of practices among market gardeners on the study areas in the provinces of Kadiogo and Oubritenga in Burkina Faso.
Improved seeds
Many market gardeners use improved seeds just like in the study area. For 1, the use of selected seeds, the choice of short-cycle species and water-stress-resistant varieties are new adaptation strategies for market gardeners in the municipality of Parakou. The studies of 6 revealed that 19% of market gardeners use improved seeds in their crop plots in Souri, Kénéma and La-Toden.
Water collection basins
The use of collection basins which are water retention excavations observed around the Guido dam has also been highlighted by 24. The author adds that this technique has an impact on the environment, where vegetation has a “useful reserve” of greater water. According to a study carried out by 30, 87.2% of producers in Bazèga use collection basins for irrigation, 67.1% in Yatenga and 65% in Bam. This technique is very useful especially during drought pockets. The availability of water is a major factor in market gardening. 6 finds that the lack of water in the wells and its consequences on vegetable production have reduced the production potential of the varieties used on the sites as well as their profitability on the market.
Tutoring
Contrary to the study area where staking is relatively practiced by market gardeners (37%), it is a technique widely used in orchards bordering Lake Bagré 17. The author justifies this practice by the fact that orchard plants are large, more vulnerable to the winds and lacking plant cover since the impoundment of the dam.
Crop rotation
Crop rotation, which over time consists of the succession of different speculations on the same plot, has the advantage of harmonious occupation of space. 27 think that 16.7% of producers surveyed practice crop rotation in his study area.
Phytoprotection
Producers in the Réo commune use pesticides to keep their crops. Pesticides used are not all registered. Producers are then exposed to many health risks. The studies of 27, revealed that for a good agroecological practice in market gardening areas in the provinces of Kadiogo and Oubritenga, 3.4% use liquid biofertilizers and 24.4% engage in natural phytosanitary treatments. These treatments, she says, come from a decoction of a mixture of neem leaves ( Azadirachta indica A. Juss .), onion leaves ( Allium cepa L., ), chili pepper ( Capsicum chinense Jacq.) and l garlic ( Allium sativum L. ,).
Irrigation methods
The relief is flat in the Réo commune. However, several farming lands are located on relatively rugged surface. This explains the highly developed mode of drainage by gravity on the perimeters of the study area. According to 9, 37.5% of market gardeners in Bobo-Dioulasso practice gravity irrigation and 60.4% use sprinkler irrigation. 8, found that the irrigation problem is worrying in the locality of Koudiéré in the Central region where all the market garden plots are not sufficiently watered (82%) due to the manual transportation of water with buckets and watering cans.
Farmers' perception of climate variability resonates with scientific findings. This disruption has a negative impact on market gardening activities in the study area. The study showed that the adopted strategies are essential for vegetable production. The results also showed that land insecurity due to plots granting systems is a weakness for the development of this sector which nevertheless helps many households in the municipality. The decrease in the quantities of water in the wells in the dry season, following the depletion of the water tables, the production of market gardening in all seasons and the traditionally-made collection basins cannot solve this problem. Indeed, sand removal, the lack of new varieties of improved seeds, the lack of plots and the lack of organization in market gardeners' associations are all issues that the government must necessarily address.
However, this study did not look at marketing channels in order to make objective proposals concerning the fact that gardeners are often forced marketing strategies. Our study did not sufficiently address the mode of storage which is one of the issues in this sector in the study area. Huge amounts of speculation rot in place for the lack of suitable shelter. In addition, market conditions make some farmers sell their products at a loss.
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| In article | View Article | ||
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| In article | View Article | ||
