Additional Technical Training on Telecommunications Engineering Sciences

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2.4. Proposed Activity

The proposed activity was a simple, but functional, FM transmitter, which can be easily found on the internet, actually spread for several websites, to which we made some technical modifications in order to improve its quality, but keeping the original circuit design ^[7].

It’s a complete circuit, since it’s composed by all the fundamental electrical components, for instance, resistors, capacitors, transistors, and even an inductor, which should be constructed by the students. Thus, from a large variety of components without any meaning, from the perforated plate, audio jack, wires, and electrical components, following a given procedure the students could develop, from nothing, a complete and functional RF circuit and hear in a commercial radio the music which was generated from, for example, their mobile phones, and transmitted by their projects.

Issues like audio generation, signal modulation and amplification, antennas design, circuit analysis and physical implementation details were addressed.

Thus, the circuit proved to be challenging and attractive, being also efficient in printing a high degree of satisfaction and achievement by those who made it happen.

This circuit can be found in the Figure 2.

Figure 2. Tele-Loucuras proposed circuit

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2.5. Inquiries Analysis and Results

The schools which participated in this initiative were the Escola Secundária c/ 3º ciclo de Madeira Torres in Torres Vedras, Escola EB 2,3/S de Vale de Cambra, in Vale de Cambra, Escola Secundária Serafim Leite, in S. João da Madeira and Escola Secundária de Arouca, in Arouca.

The 250 collected inquiries were filtered on a make sense basis, in order to get reliable results. Taking 75% of the collected inquiries, which were considered as valid, 41.1% of the students who took part of this project were from the 10^th grade, 36.4% from the 11^th grade and 22.5% from the 12^th grade, as we can see in Figure 3, and among the students from the 12^th grade, 95.2% were attending the Physics course.

Figure 3. Students distribution according to the attending grade. 41.1% from the 10th grade, 36.4% from the 11th grade and 22.5% from the 12th grade

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The theoretical exposure of the activity was evaluated as Good by 53.5% of the students, Satisfactory to 15.5%, Unsatisfactory to 0.5% and was considered Excellent by 30.5% of the participants, as we can see in the Figure 4. Also, the practical component of the activity was evaluated as Good by 52.4% of the students, Satisfactory to 9.1%, Unsatisfactory to 0.5% and was considered Excellent by 38% of the participants, as we can see in the Figure 5. From these results we can see a shift of the results’ distribution from the theoretical evaluation to the practical evaluation, putting in evidence that globally the students prefer to put their hands on the mass than attend a lecture about the theoretical subjects.

Figure 4. Classification of the theoretical component. Excellent for 30.5%, Good for 53.5%, Satisfactory for 15.5% and Unsatisfactory for 0.5%

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Figure 5. Classification of the practical component. Excellent for 38%,Good for 52.4%, Satisfactory for 9.1% and Unsatisfactory for 0.5%.

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Globally the activity was considered as Good by 60.4% of the students, as Satisfactory by 6.4% of the students, as Unsatisfactory by 0.5% and Excellent by 32.7%, as presented in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Global evaluation of the activity. Excellent for 32.7%, Good for 60.4%, Satisfactory for 6.4% and Unsatisfactory for 0.5%

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Meanwhile, 94.1% of the students showed interest in participating in other similar activities, against 5.9% who answered negatively to the same question, as we can see in Figure 7.

Figure 7. Participation in other similar activities. Yes for 94.1% and No for 5.9%

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Finally, 90.4% of the students stated that the project contributed to their additional technical training, against 9.6% who kept indifferent to this main goal, as we can see in Figure 8.

Figure 8. Evaluation of the additional technical training. Yes for 90.4% and No for 9.6%

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Based on the results obtained, this project was considered a success among both students and teachers, who welcomed the team due to the originality and innovation.

2.6. Dissemination

The project was disseminated through the internet, in the Facebook and in a website which was dedicatedly developed (https://teleloucuras.wix.com/teleloucuras). Also, articles both in the UA Online Journal ^[8] and QSP radio magazine ^[9] were published arousing the interest of radio Antena 1, carrying out an interview to the Click programme ^[10]. The School TV of Vale de Cambra also published a report based on the project flyer, and the Madeira Torres propagated the project through all the school libraries in Portugal ^[11].

3. The Atreve-te!

3.1. The Team

The project was developed as a partnership between the IT-Av and the DETI-UA. The project was coordinated by the author and concretized by the author together with Paula Cardoso (IT-Av collaborator), Tiago Alvané (DETI-UA MSc. Student), Nuno Carvalho (DETI-UA Full Professor) and other colleagues who have interest in spreading knowledge among young people, Gil Fernandes (IT-Av Researcher) and Tiago Varum (IT-Av Researcher).

3.2. Project Description

The world without engineers would be some kind of mess, but not always we can recognize both the value and effort of these professionals. The technology evolved so quickly that now the evolution is given as granted, appearing to be quite normal to have, for example, at each year more advanced cell phones, able of giving response to the most demanding services and, if something goes wrong, people seem to be unable to recognize the work which is behind of that technology. If this is true for the people in general, this is even truer when we talk about young students, who want to watch films, to listen music and surf through the social networks, anywhere, anytime.

For these reasons, the project Atrave-te! aims to bring among the high school students the engineering as a challenge field of studies, which should be capable of give response to the problems of a society and also the engineers’ role as both professionals and people of the society, so the project should clarify what is the engineering, what the engineer as professional do and both the social and economic impact of the engineering around all of us.

Following these main goals, in this project participated more than one thousand and hundred students of Vilar Formoso, Mira, Guarda, Fornos de Algodres, Nelas, Vila Nova de Gaia, Sever do Vouga, Oliveira de Azeméis, Castro Daire, Porto, Albergaria-a-Velha, Tondela, Gafanha da Nazaré, Vouzela, Oliveira de Frades, S. João da Madeira, Cantanhede, Arouca and Marques de Castilho.

The implementation on the field occurred through a talk between an engineer and the students and, for one hour, topics related to the engineering were discussed.

The definition of Engineering was presented first as being talent and contrivance. The necessity of solving problems found in the society was stressed then. For solving those problems the engineer should be armed with several important qualities such as communicational and team work skills, logical thinking, practical and objective approach to the problems found, so how the engineers think, were aspects open to the discussion.

The world without engineers was discussed and the importance of the mechanical, electrical, telecommunications, electronics, informatics, civil and acoustic engineering was presented.

Meanwhile, since the engineer should propose solutions to several kinds of problems, the complete chain, since the problem identification, to the solution’s proposal was discussed. Aspects such as creativity to have an idea, research in order to establish a procedure to be implemented during the development process in laboratory, manufacture or present the final solution and, finally commercial aspects were exhaustively discussed in order to get an insight into what is behind the development of any novel product, service, process, technique or even model.

In order to allow the students to concretize the true engineer’s role, several projects in electrical, electronics and telecommunications engineering were presented. The first one aims to improve the public illumination with LED technology, which should reduce the power consumptions by adjusting the illumination in function of the ambient and turned on when’s necessary. Economic and environmental aspects were stressed here. The second one is related to the development of an intelligent device, capable of be a radio, TV or even a cell phone, and the third aims to improve the mobile network for the fifth generation. Thanks to this project it’s possible to stress the needs to have more bandwidth and be capable of give response to the most demand services which the clients want, clients like ourselves and the students. The remote control, free of batteries, was a project presented next, and here environmental aspects were stressed again, together with the fact of all of us are just right now exposed to several kind of radiation, which could be used to charge batteries or even to put devices to work without these batteries. The fiber technology was also presented as an important field of studies capable of give us greater TV and internet quality. Another project presented was a social network to vehicles, which aims to help drivers to get a safer driving experience, since if a car gets broken a repair shop is automatically informed, together with the other drivers in the neighbourhoods. Also, if a car has an accident, both the authorities and the drivers in the neighbourhoods are notified, assisting immediately the passengers and preventing accidents, specialty if reduced visual conditions occur. The necessity of modelling the Earth-Satellite communications channel in order to improve the satellite communications system, leading to the services cost reduction was discussed and following this project, another one regarding the implementation of electronic devices for space applications was presented. Since the experiment, which is now aboard of the Alphasat satellite, aims to test in real scenario the behaviour of a new transistors’ design and its immunity to the background cosmic radiation, a project in radio astronomy was presented together with the importance of this field of studies.

At the end of the discussion, the students were warned to their own role in the society as being the future researchers and engineers responsible of get answers to the world around us, so they should prepare their selves to the future challenges.

A practical demonstration of an ongoing project was presented and the students were invited to ask whatever question they would like to see clarified.

3.3. Practical Demonstrations

Two practical demonstrations were presented. One of them is a project that involves a quadcopter. Some technical details regarding the project were given to the students while the quadcopter was just flying, always guaranteeing the security of everyone in the room. The software that is being developed combining hardware will receive a GPS signal and a predefined route should be followed. This route will be a GPX file that will be created on Google Earth or other similar software, allowing the marking of way points and saving them in GPS data files. When receiving the GPS coordinates, the software should convert them in control commands recognized by the drone, performing the autonomous flight. This know-how was transmitted to the students for a better understanding about how it becomes a solution and then a product, like many of the other projects already discussed. Finally, some examples about civil applications were specified to the students. Also, practical issues and constraints found during the development were presented from the engineer’s point of view and the approaches taken face to those problems were discussed.

Figure 9. Practical demonstration example

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Another one was an educational kit used to explain the fiber technology. Aspects such as light propagation on a fiber, reflection, refraction, and impairments found on the propagation medium and how to overpass these last ones using for instance amplification were some aspects explored using this kit.

3.4. Promotional Kits and Dissemination

To each student is given a promotional kit, this one composed by a project flyer, a DETI-UA flyer, and a Summer Academy flyer, everything package in a DETI-UA case. To the teachers is offered the same material, the UA magazine, a pencil and a bookmark.

The project was disseminated through the internet, via facebook and UA Online Journal, who carried out na article about the Atreve-te!.

Also a project website was later on developed (https://atreve-te.wix.com/atreve-te).

Figure 10. Atreve-te! promotional kits example

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3.5. Feed-back and Final Analysis

The feedback was truly good. Both the students and the professors got interested in this and other similar initiatives, since it helps the students to get an insight into what is this concept of engineering, as disclosed as yet so poorly explained, and also into what is being done now at the laboratories.

We realize that the students got committed with this project, since they actively participate and asked interesting questions regarding their possible future careers in engineering. In spite of our main example be the telecommunications engineering, since it’s the field which we feel more comfortable with, we should stress that the engineering in general was discussed.

The practical demonstrations were a very good complement to the lecture, since they caused a great impact among the students, who like to see it happening.

Figure 11. Distribution of the contacted schools function of district in green and from those contacted the percentage who effectively participated and received the project

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From the 91 contacted schools, only 19 of them, so 21%, answered positively and received the project, which puts in evidence how hard is to have the schools’ door opened as we can see in Figure 11. The lower values are the distribution of the contacted schools, so for instance, 24% of the contacted schools were from Aveiro’s district. The upper values are the percentage of schools at each district who received the project, so for instance in Aveiro only 32% of the contacted schools received the project. However, it should be noted that the project acceptance problem could be attenuated or even avoided if the project planning began in September, while schools are defining their own annual activities’ plan, and not in April, while schools are already preparing their selves to the final and national exams.

4. The Radio, Antennas and Space Propagation

4.1. The Team

The Radio, Antennas and Space Propagation is a summer course developed under the Summer Academy of the Universidade de Aveiro. In this academy, the students can attend both a scientific and social programme. During a week, the first one occurs from 9 AM to 5 PM with a break for lunch, and the second one from 5 PM. The author is the head of this course, but is also a professor together with Armando Rocha (DETI-UA Assistant Professor), Nuno Carvalho (DETI-UA Full Professor), Domingos Barbosa (IT-Av Researcher), Hugo Mostardinha (IT-Av Laboratory Assistant), Miguel Bergano (IT-Av Researcher), António Soares (DETI-UA MSc. Student), Jorge Ruivo (DETI-UA MSc. Student and NRAETTUA Coordinator) and Nicolas Neto (DETI-UA MSc. Student and NRAETTUA Vice-Coordinator).

4.2. Feed-back and Project Description

The Radio, Antennas and Space Propagation aims to offer students the opportunity to receive additional technical training on the physical layer of the wireless communications, so subjects like radio wave propagation, antennas design, radio and radio systems are all covered.

The course had already two successfully editions and several tens of students took this course as a serious opportunity to learn what is far away from their possibilities in the high school. From lectures with experts on the field, to laboratory classes, design and development projects and field trips, all of these components were welcomed by the students, who stated that could learn much more in this course than in other ones, which they attended in other areas and/or institutions.

The first edition was dedicated to the Wi-Fi Radio System and the second one to the Satellite Communication Systems.

Under the radio wave propagation subject, were covered aspects such as electromagnetic spectrum, radio wave propagation phenomena depending on the frequency, from tens of KHz to tens of GHz, wave polarization, transmission lines, adaptation and channel variability. A special attention was given in the first edition to the indoor propagation and in the second one to the earth-space propagation.

Regarding the antennas subject, in both editions aspects such as antenna definition and characterization, antennas design, antennas polarization and antennas analysis and testing were covered. In the first edition the students were asked to develop a Bi-Quad antenna to 2.4 GHz, which was tested in an anechoic chamber. A polarization test and a critical comparison between the developed antenna and the one proposed by the manufacturer was also performed. Regarding the second edition, the development of a Satellite Ground Station antenna for NOAAs satellites was proposed and tested both in laboratory and in real scenario later on.

In both the editions the radio astronomy was presented as an important field of studies. Its definition, state-of-the-art and several undergoing projects at the global scale were presented. The wireless power transmission and the radiofrequency identification were subjects also under discussion at the same time that the students were developing their own wireless power transmission circuit based on a self-oscillator. Furthermore, a historical perspective of the radio evolution, from its beginning to the actual existing technologies and future perspectives to both the software defined radio and the cognitive radio were given.

Meanwhile, in the first edition the students could visit the IT-Av and have a complete insight into the telecommunications world, but in the second one they could visit a mobile ground station and have an insight into the mobile radio system. In both editions the students could understand also another nonprofit version of radio, the one carried on by amateurs who do research and development on propagation, antennas, radio equipment and necessary accessories. The application of this version on the civil protection and support for emergency and public calamity was also put in evidence.

Regarding the first edition, the students developed a power meter, which was later on used together with the developed Wi-Fi antenna and, making use of the knowledge acquired during the propagation subject, they were invited to start a fox hunt, in which they should map the library routers in the minimum possible time. On the other hand, in the second edition the students mounted a complete and functional satellite ground station based on a SDR, using their own antennas and the knowledge acquired during the week. The station was able of receive on live a NOAA satellite signal and present in a computer the image which was being transmitted.

Below we can see some photos regarding the antennas development and testing.

Figure 12. Antennas development

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Figure 13. Antennas testing

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And below we can see a student developing his power meter, welding all the necessary components.

Figure 14. Power meter development

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