Figure 1. Changes in students’ deep total score (A) motive score (B), deep strategy score (C), surface total score (D), surface motive score (E), and surface strategy score (F) throughout the semester for each learning environment (online, black bars; hybrid, grey bars; in-person, white bars). Data are presented as mean values ± SEM and were analyzed by two-way ANOVA (main effects: learning environment and time) followed by Tukey's Studentized test. Bars not sharing a lowercase letter differ (P<0.05)

From

Changes in Academic Performance and Learning Approach During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Three-Year Comparative Study in Diverse Learning Environments

Hannah X. Glowacki, Teresa Siby, Kelsey Van, David M. Beauchamp, Elaina B.K. Brendel, Linda Kim, Jessie L. Burns, Jennifer M. Monk

American Journal of Educational Research. 2025, 13(2), 92-101 doi:10.12691/education-13-2-8