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The Effects Induced by a Backpack Eccentric Load on the Spine of Children
Samir Zahaf1,
, Bensamine Mansouri1, Abderrahmane Belarbi1, Zitouni Azari2
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sciences and Technology, Oran-Algeria
2Laboratory of Biomechanics, Polymers and Structures, ENIM-Metz, France
Abstract
The objective of this work is to study the effect of the backpack on the components of the spine system of a child, know the effect of an eccentric force on the intervertebral discs, the creating a 3D model of the spine of child of 38 kg overall weight under the effect of three eccentric load (P2, P3, P4) plus P1 compression load and calculated by the element method ends, For the boundary conditions we fixed the sacrum (Embedding the sacrum). We propose in this section to draw up a comprehensive study of the distributions of stresses and normal elastic strain of Von Mises in the intervertebral discs based on loads supported. The results show that the stress and strain of Von Mises are highest and concentrated in four intervertebral discs (D1, D2, D3 and D4), which causes a problem that calls (herniated disc). We concluded that the cause of the posterior load, a 300 mm lever arm with a 150N force present maximum Von Mises stresses concentrated in four intervertebral discs (D1, D2, D3, D4), which justifies the distance between the load which is the point of application of the load and the axis of the spine plays a very important role in increasing the solicitation of the latter.
Keywords: child, herniated discs, Lumbar-Thoracic, Intervertebral Discs, Finite Element, Biomechanics, Von Mises Stress-Strain, Disc Degeneration
Copyright © 2016 Science and Education Publishing. All Rights Reserved.Cite this article:
- Samir Zahaf, Bensamine Mansouri, Abderrahmane Belarbi, Zitouni Azari. The Effects Induced by a Backpack Eccentric Load on the Spine of Children. Biomedical Science and Engineering. Vol. 4, No. 1, 2016, pp 6-22. https://pubs.sciepub.com/bse/4/1/2
- Zahaf, Samir, et al. "The Effects Induced by a Backpack Eccentric Load on the Spine of Children." Biomedical Science and Engineering 4.1 (2016): 6-22.
- Zahaf, S. , Mansouri, B. , Belarbi, A. , & Azari, Z. (2016). The Effects Induced by a Backpack Eccentric Load on the Spine of Children. Biomedical Science and Engineering, 4(1), 6-22.
- Zahaf, Samir, Bensamine Mansouri, Abderrahmane Belarbi, and Zitouni Azari. "The Effects Induced by a Backpack Eccentric Load on the Spine of Children." Biomedical Science and Engineering 4, no. 1 (2016): 6-22.
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1. Introduction
Biomechanics is an important part of biology. Since 1978 there has been an enormous increase in scientific contributions from physicians and engineers. Recent basic study had been developed in many experiments and numerical analysis. In the last decade, more papers have been published in this area than ever before10 years old [1].
Lumbar disc herniation is defined as a more or less projection of the disc material \"(Figure 1) \" through a dehiscence of the fibrous ring, especially sitting at L4L5 or L5S1 [2]. Several terms have been used for designating this affection, especially by varying the degree of outsourcing the nucleus [3]. For a degenerated disc in flexion-compression, hernia corresponds to a migration (protrusion) posterior and especially posterolateral of the nucleus pulposus, pulling on the fibers of the annulus or bursting them, which extends towards the channel final spinal. The nucleus may outsource completely covered by the remaining ligament of the posterior annulus (prolapse appointed position) or may exceed this ligament and to project into the channel, becoming a "sequestered disc fragment." In all these situations the nervous structures can be compressed, generating low back pain or radiculalgia and important functional limitations [4]. The etiological factors are many: disc degeneration related to age, acute trauma, minor trauma but repeated [5, 6, 7], structural deficiencies of the annulus [8, 9], biochemical factors or genetic, responsible for hereditary predisposition for herniated discs adult or juvenile Simmons'96; Matsui'98. More rarely, a rigid fusion can cause a hernia at adjacent [10].
Wearing a backpack too heavy \"(Figure 2) \" is certainly an aggravating factor and can cause long-term pain in the neck and shoulder, upper and lower back, pressure on the hips and knees and deformities of the spine, in biomechanics weight of the backpack is an eccentric posterior load applied to the lumbosacral spine, the weight should not exceed 10% of the weight of the child. It is between 8 and 15 years since the child's back is the most fragile, and scientific studies have demonstrated imaging (MRI) the risk of joint damage and intervertebral disc are real.
The diagram \"(Figure 2)\" represents a child to age 10 years of overall specific weight 38 kg to wear a backpack, backpack is the mass of 15 kg representing the weight P4.
The MRI study [12], alerts of this overweight effect in the development of degenerative disc disease, back pain and then herniated disc \"(Figure 3)\". In this work, the simulation of the disc degeneration, based on a finite element model of the spine depending on the mechanical properties were established; the boundary condition has been applied in the frontal plane to define restriction on movements of translation and rotation of the spine.
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We propose in this work to draw up a comprehensive study of stresses and deformations in the spinal discs distributions based on supported loads. The results show that the level of degeneration increased in all intervertebral discs but concentrated in the four disks D1, D2, D3 and D4.
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Figure 3 shows two vertebrae of the spinal column with an intervertebral disc under the effect of a compound loading (compression P1 + bending moment P4). The compressive load P1 creates an internal pressure in the nucleus, this pressure will there after generate the disc degeneration or degenerative disc disease \"(Figure 4)\", as regards the forward flexion P4, if the load of the schoolbag increases, automatically distance between the point of load application and the axis of the spinal column increases, we see that the posterior portion of the annulus fibrosis is compressed and the other front portion is tensioned, that is to say the nucleus pulpous burst back (posterior compression), this compression produced by disc protrusion comes into contact with a nerve root called herniated disc.
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2. Material and Methods
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects induced by an eccentric load of the backpack on the back of a child, know the effect of an eccentric load on the intervertebral discs, created a 3D model of spine, the total mass of child is 38 kg under the effect of three eccentric loads (p2, p3, p4) plus a p1 compression load and calculated by the finit element method, the boundary conditions we fixed the sacrum (incorporation of the sacrum).
The analysis of biomechanical problems includes several steps.
The first is to study the form to define the geometrical configuration of the object, which allows the reconstitution of the vertebra, the ligament and bone using CAD programs.
The result is a 3D geometric model including these three components will then be prepared for use in finite element analyzes for the study of stresses and deformations distribution in the system.
The steps for the execution of the 3D vertebra model \"(Figure 5)\" are as follow:
a) Draw cortical bone that is the upper hinge and the lower hinge, then make the smoothing process; this gives a solid body called the vertebral body.
b) Secondly, draw the posterior arch (blade with the pedicle) with the spinous process.
c) Finally we draw the transverse process.
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The simulation of the disc degeneration is based on a finite element model of the healthy spine. Figure 6 shows a spine model, this consists of five lumbar vertebrae (L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5) plus the sacrum, twelve thoracic vertebrae (TH1, TH2, TH3, TH4, TH5, TH6, TH7, TH8, TH9, TH10, TH11, TH12) and 17 inter vertebral discs between (S1-L5, L5-L4, L4-L3, L3-L2, L2-L1, L1-TH12 TH12-TH11, TH11, TH10, TH10-TH9, TH9-TH8, TH8-TH7, TH7-TH6, TH6-TH5, TH5-TH4, TH3-TH4, TH3-TH2 TH2-TH1) and various ligaments thoracic lumbar spine (anterior longitudinal ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament, ligament interspinous, ligament supraspinatus, yellow ligament and capsular ligament).
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In static loading conditions, the model of the reconstructed spine is used in an analysis for studying the role of the inter vertebral discs and the stress distribution in these disks as well as its supporting structures. The spine is reconstructed in 3D to study the system dimensions (IVD - ligament-bone) \"(Figure 7)\".
In order to define the boundary conditions, restriction on movements of translation and rotation of the spine has been applied in the lower plane, and defined as having zero displacements. Several charges in the anterior direction were applied as follows:
• The application of the load on the upper side of the thoracic vertebra TH1.
• The fixed part applied to the body of the sacrum.
• The interfaces between the different components of the system of the spine, the cortical bone, the inter vertebral disk and ligament are treated as perfectly bonded interfaces \"(Figure 7)\".
Figure 9 shows an isometric view of an explored assembly of the spine and each component of the spine system is denoted by letters.
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The selection of constitutive equations of the vertebral bone is defined as the part of the bone which carries the inter vertebral disc, composed of cortical bone, cancellous bone, the posterior arch, with a Young's modulus of about 12000 MPa. It is well known that cortical bone has better load capacity than the cancellous bone. Cortical bone is considered as an isotropic material, and homogeneous linear elastic.
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Table 1 shows the tensile strength of the structure annulus fibrosis according to different authors. These materials are anisotropic and non-linear elastic.
The behavior of inter-transverse ligament and inter-spinous ligament is nonlinear viscoelastic as in previous studies [16]; a linear elastic model is chosen to represent this behavior.
ANSYS WORKBENCH software was used for analyzing this geometry and generate the most suitable mesh. For the studied behavior, we used tetrahedral elements, type Solid187 conforming to defined parametric surfaces interfaces \"(Figure 10)\".
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It is necessary to mesh the components of the spine with small and confused elements to ensure optimum accuracy of the results of stresses and strains in the inter vertebral discs.
The material properties of the spine components were selected after a careful review of the published literature “Table 2”; it was considered appropriate to define the cortical and cancellous bone as homogeneous and isotropic. The magnitudes of 12000 MPa and 100 MPa (cortical and cancellous, respectively) were observed in all studies by various researchers.
Since physiologically the nucleus is fluid filled, the elements were assigned low stiffness values (1MPa) and near incompressibility properties (Poisson’s ratio of 0.499). Biologically, the annulus fibrosus is comprised of layers of collagen fibers, which attributes to its non-homogenous characteristics. However, due to limitations in modeling abilities, the annulus was defined as a homogenous structure with a magnitude of 4.2 MPa.
This was based on the modulus of the ground substance (4.2 MPa) and the collagen fibers reported in the literature, taking into account the volume fraction of each component. The complete model of the spine \"(Figure 10)\" was realized by the SOLIDWORKS SOFTWARE VERSION 2014 and was then transferred to the software Calculates each element ends ANSYS 14.5 WORKBENCHE generated the default mesh then generated linear global custom mesh tetrahedra 10 nodes conform to surface.
The three views of spine model with condensed mesh are shown in \"(Figure 10)\". All element and node numbers are specified in “Table 3”.
Figure 10 shows a complete model that consists of 6053646 elements and 6196007 nodes. Cortical bone contains (471775 elements and 724644 nodes), cancellous bone contains (2377296 elements 454799 nodes).
The posterior arch was modeled with tetrahedral elements to 10 nodes contains (2377091 elements, 3441137 nodes), the nucleus pulposus in the annulus fibrosus were modeled with tetrahedral type elements 10 nodes (63524 element 97864nodes), the annulus fibrosus were modeled with elements of type tetrahedral to 10 nodes (244392 elements, 502860 nodes). The gelatinous cartilage modeled with a tetrahedral element to 10 nodes (234465 elements, 395500 nodes).
Finally, the different types of ligaments generated by a tetrahedral mesh to 10 nodes “Table 3”.
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The diagram in \"(Figure 11)\" represents a school child standing of 38kg overall density, total mass (Head, Neck, Arm (left + right) Forearm (left + right) hand (left + right) is 6.9572 kg deviser by the upper surface of TH1 thoracic vertebra showing the pressure P1, P2 charge represents the mass of the body superior Trunk is 6.0648 kg, the distance between the load P2 is the point of application of the load and the axis (yy ') is 80 mm \"(Figure 11)\".
The total mass of the lower trunk of the human body equals 10.45 kg represented by P3, the distance between the point of application of the load P3 and the axis (yy ') is 100 mm \"(Figure 11)\".
P4 load is the maximum weight of the backpack worn by the child (15 kg), the distance between the P4 specific weight that is the point of application of the load and the axis of the spine (300 mm) \"(Figure 11)\". For the boundary conditions we fixed the sacrum (Embedding the sacrum) \"(Figure11)\".
We propose in this section to draw up a comprehensive study of the distributions of the normal stresses of Von Mises and normal elastic strain of Von Mises in the intervertebral discs as a function of supported loads. Distributions of global stress state for each component of our model were presented in the posterior loading effect.
A quantitative analysis was performed based on a scale of progressive visual colors predefined by the software used (ANSYS Workbench 14.5), ranging from dark blue to red.
3. Results
We see in \"(Figure 12)\" the stress distribution and deformation Von Mises put in the components of the spine, we find that the posterior loading can cause long-term back pain and deformity of the spine.
Figure 12 show a maximum value stress of Von Mises concentrated in the fourth intervertebral disk which are equal to 0.5150 MPa for the nucleus pulposus N4, 7.5682 MPa to the annulus fibrosis D4 and 539.52 MPa in the cortical bone of the vertebra thoracic TH3, 6.1206 MPa in the cancellous bone.
A posterior loading shows that the distribution of the maximum Von stresses in the ligaments (anterior, posterior) concentrated at the back and equal to 12.705MPa, 11.243MPa (red part) \"(Figure 12)\".
Regarding the deformations of von Mises, we notice that the values are at a maximum in the fourth intervertebral disc which is equal to 0.5159 mm/mm for the nucleus N4, 1.9066 mm/mm for the annulus fibrosus D4 compared by the other discs of the spine (red part) \"(Figure 12)\".
The posterior loading of 15 kg to the back indicated that the maximum deformation of von Mises concentrated in the components of the thoracic vertebra TH3, 0.051013 mm/mm for cortical bone, and 0.06223mm/mm for cancellous bone this mentioned in the \"(Figure 12)\".
We notice in \"(Figure 12)\" that maximum deformation legends of Von Mises in the two ligaments (LLA, LLP) are equal to 0.63607mm/mm, 0.61521mm/mm (red part).
Figure 13 shows a histogram of the Von Mises stress put in the cortical bone, for a posterior load 15kg, we find that the stress value concentrated in the six lumbar vertebrae L5, L4, L3, L2, L1, TH12, which are equal to 18, 916 MPa, 23 168 MPa 46 552 MPa 58 405 MPa, 69.90 MPa, 128.29 MPa this mentioned in \"(Figure 15)\", regarding that the stress of Von Mises will decrease from value of the cortical bone vertebra TH12 and increased up to 539.52 MPa which lie in the anterior and posterior part of the cortical bone TH3 (red part) \"(Figure 13)\".
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Figure 14 shows a histogram of von Mises strain in the cortical bone reached a maximum value concentrated in six vertebrae L5, L4, L3, L2, L1, TH12, which are equal to 0.001617mm/mm 0.0024mm/mm 0.0042mm/mm 0.0054mm/mm 0.0074mm/mm 0.01228mm/mm, this mentioned in \"(Figure 15)\" follows regarding the deformation of von mises will decrease from the value of cortical bone of the vertebra TH11 and increased up to 0.05110mm/mm which lie in the anterior and posterior part of the cortical bone TH3 (red part) \"(Figure 15)\".
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We see in \"(Figure 16)\" the Von Mises stresses a maximum value concentrated in three cancellous bone TH12, TH6, TH3 are equal to 1.3019 MPa 2.899 MPa, 6.1206 MPa for a lifted load of 15 kg which are located in the anterior and posterior part of the cancellous bone (red area) \"(Figure 18)\".
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As regards the Von Mises strains \"(Figure 17)\", we notice that the values are maximal in the three cancellous bone TH12, TH6, TH3 0.0182 mm/mm, 0.03068 mm/mm 0.06223 mm/mm for a posterior load of 15 kg from the other components of the spine (red part) \"(Figure 18)\".
Figure 19 shows, schematically, the increase von Mises stresses in the intervertebral discs. On the one hand before a child carry a school bag 15 kg, 30 cm by the input axis (yy ') of the spine (30 cm behind the center of the intervertebral disc calculating the Von Mises stresses in intervertebral discs). we note in \"(Figure 19) \"that the lifting of the load behind the abdomen the Von Mises stresses increased in the dorsal region that is to say the four intervertebral discs (D1, D2, D3, D4) are the most requested and are equal to (3.1168MPa, 3.1615MPa, 7.5682MPa, 6.6882MPa) mentioned in this \"(Figure 21) \".
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The posterior load (load attached to the back) showing the maximum strain of von Mises concentrated in the four intervertebral discs (D1, D2, D3, D4) which are equal to (0.82801mm/mm 0.7792mm/mm 1.9066mm/mm, 1.6041mm/mm) this is mentioned in the \"(Figure 20)\" and Figure 21.
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We see in \"(Figure 21)\", Disc degeneration begins, after an asymptomatic phase dehydration of two intervertebral discs (D3, D4) by tearing of the annulus fibrosus (AF6, AF5, AF4, AF3, AF2, AF1). The two core (N3, N4) can then migrate into the thickness of the ring and cause acute or chronic back pain. If it moves more through the ring, the two core (N3, N4) can protrude to the rear side of the disc while forming a HERNIATED DISC. This hernia can migrate into the spinal canal and even exclude leaving the disc. This disc herniation can come compressed or "pinched" to one or more nerve roots in the vicinity of the disc.
Figure 22 shows MRI of the spine in sagittal section in a boy of 12, we notice a stepped disc protrusion at L5-S1, L5-L4, L4-L3 under the posterior loading effect.
Figure 23 indicate a sagittal section of lumbar MRI, T2 showing the appearance of a herniated disc L4-L5 excluded associated with discale progression L3-L4 and S1--L5 under the posterior loading effect.
In standing position with a 15kg load on the back of level we notice that the stress von Mises are maximum in the nucleus pulposus (N1, N2, N3, N4) and are equal to (0.3082MPa, 0.313MPa, 0.4869MPa, 0.5150 MPa) \"(Figure 24) \" and (Figure 25).
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Figure 25 shows the distribution of Von strains supported by the nucleus pulposus (N1, N2, N3, N4) and notes that the strain value is maximum in the two nucleus pulposus (N3, N4) by supplying the other systems of the spine \"(Figure 24) \" and (Figure 26).
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The posterior loading shows suffering on the back level, \"(Figure 27)\" shows a sagittal section of an MRI lumbosacral T2 showing disc degeneration (discopathy) at (S1-L5, L5-L4 and L4-L3) (a ), (b) disc herniation (S1-L5) posterolateral right follows, we note in Figure 27 that the displacement of the central part of the two intervertebral discs (D1, D2) to the Exterior degenerative disc disease, and a traumatism/or more microtrauma can alter the two intervertebral disks and cause a tearing of the latter.
The two cores (N1, N2) moving can come compresses the spinal cord or a nerve root generating symptoms radiculopathy \"(Figure 27)\".
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Figure 28 and Figure 29 shows the stress distribution of Von Mises in the intervertebral disk (D3) and we see that disc degeneration starts, after a phase of asymptomatic dehydration, with tears in the annulus fibrosus (AF5, AF6).
The core (N3) can then migrate into the thickness of the annulus and cause acute or chronic back pain. If it moves further through the annulus, the core (N3) may protrude to the posterior face of the disc so forming a disc herniation. This hernia can migrate into the spinal canal and even exclude leaving the disc. This disc herniation can come compress or "stuck" in one or more nerve roots located near the disc.
The Von Mises stresses in the fibrous rings (N3, AF1, AF2, AF3, AF4, AF5, AF6) are equal to (0.4869MPa, 1.8381MPa, 2.2456MPa, 2.82MPa, 3.6215MPa, 7.5682MPa, 7.473MPa) by report the other system components of the spine \"(Figure 29)\".
Figure 28 shows a histogram of maximum Von Mises stress in the disc of fibrous rings D3 (N3, AF1, AF2, AF3, AF4, AF5, AF6), we note that the nucleus pulposus (N3) starts move to outside that is tearing commenced by the fibrous rings (AF6) (AF5), AF4, AF3, AF2, AF1, the core (N3) can come compress the spinal cord or multiple roots or the dural sheath.
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Figure 30 shows the histogram of Von Mises strains in the intervertebral disc components (D3) for a posterior load of 15 kg, we note that the maximum von Mises strain are concentrated in the two rings (AF5, AF6) are equal to (1.9066mm/mm 1.8265mm/mm) and say this disc degeneration starts, after a phase of asymptomatic dehydration by tears to two the annulus (AF5, AF6).
In Figure 31 the posterior loading shows maximum von mises strains concentrated in the disc D3 (N3, AF1, AF2, AF3 AF4, AF5, AF6) and are equal to (0.4878mm/mm 0.4377mm/mm 0.5347mm/mm 0.6724mm/mm 0.8707mm/mm 1.9066mm/mm 1.8265mm/mm) according the other systems of the spine.
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Figure 32 shows the distribution of Von Mises strains in the disk fibrosus rings (D4) under the effect of a load composed (compression P1 plus bending moment (P2, P3, P4)), the load axial compression P1 on the upper surface of the cores (N4) creates a radial inner pressure at fibrosus rings D4 disc, the pressure by the following will generated disc degeneration (discopathy), as regards the anterior bending (P2, P3, P4) causes repetitive movements, if the posterior augment load, we notice the posterior part of each ring fibrosis compress part in red and the other former party tender that is to say six gelatinous cores (AF1, AF2, AF3, AF4, AF5, AF6) stormed back (posterior compression), the (compression P1 produced by disc protrusion comes into contact with a nerve root called herniated disc.
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A posterior load applied on the upper surface of the thoracic vertebra TH1 of the spine resulting in a maximum concentration of normal stresses in the anterior and posterior of the disk D4 (the red part) this is mentioned in \"(Figure 34) \".
Figure 35 shows that the posterior loading presents a greater deformation in the intervertebral disc D4, which means that the said disc is the most sought as posterior flexion thus thereby, it is noted in the \"(Figure 35)\", that the towed part of the disc D4 is greater than the compressed portion (crushed).
We see in \"(Figure 32)\" and \"(Figure 34)\" the Von Mises stresses affected a maximum value concentrated in the gelatinous core N3 with the rings fibrosis (AF1, AF2, AF3, AF4, AF5, AF6) of the disc intervertebral (D4) that are equal to 0.5150 MPa, 1.8824MPa, 2.2162MPa, 2.5111MPa, 2.9417MPa, 5.0313MPa, 6.6883MPa) for a posterior load of 15 kg which are in the anterior part and posterior of the intervertebral disk (red part).
The posterior loading shows that the von Mises strain value in the components of intervertebral disc D3 are maximum in the two last annulus fibrosus (AF5, AF6) (See \"(Figure 34)\".
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On the other hand, the \"(Figure 35)\" show the contour of the von Mises strains in the annulus fibrosus of the disk (D4) are equal (0.5159mm/mm 0.4482mm/mm 0.5276mm/mm 0.5979mm/mm 0.7074 mm/mm 1.3613mm/mm 1.6041mm/mm) according to the other system components of the spine.
4. Discussion
In sum, we concluded that wearing too heavy schoolbag 15kg is certainly an aggravating factor, and may cause a long-term back problems and deformations of the spine, the 3D model of the spine of a child under the effect of an eccentric load and calculate by the FEM provokes stress and strains maximum of Von Mises concentrated in the four intervertebral discs (D1, D2, D3, D4) and are equal to (3.1168MPa, 3.1615MPa, 7.5682MPa, 6.6882MPa) (0.82801mm/mm 0.7792mm/mm 1.9066mm/mm 1.6041mm/mm) this is mentioned in the \"(Figure 19)\", \"(Figure 20)\" and\"(Figure 22)\" in regards to the\"(Figure 19)\" and "(Figure 20)\" show that the two discs intervertebral (D3, D4) are most damaged that is disc degeneration often begins after a phase of asymptomatic dehydration by cracks, tears two annulus (D3, D4), the two cores (N3, N4) can then along these cracks migrate into the thickness of two rings (D3, D4) and cause acute or chronic back pain, If the two cores (N3, N4) move further through two rings (D3, D4), the two cores may project to the posterior face of the disc while forming a HERNIATED DISC\"(Figure 36\" and\"(Figure 37)\", This hernia can through a complete rupture of the annulus, migrate laterally into the vertebral canal, or up or down, and even exclude leaving the disc, herniated disc that can come compress "stuck "one or more nerve roots near the disk, it is the cause of symptoms" sciatica "pain when the seat back of the thigh or" cruralgie "when pain seat in front of the thigh. This justifies that the distance between the load which is the point of application of the load and the axis of the spine plays an important role in the increase of stresses in the intervertebral discs.
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5. Conclusion
In sum, we concluded the case of posterior loading 300mm lever arm with a load 150N posterior indicate normal maximum Von Mises stresses in four intervertebral discs (D1, D2, D3, D4) and are equal to (3.1168MPa, 3.1615MPa, 7.5682 MPa 6.6882MPa) Figure (19) and (22), the figure (20) and (22) clearly shows the elastic strain is higher in the four intervertebral discs (D1, D2, D3, D4 ) that are equal (0.82801mm/mm 0.7792mm/mm 1.9066mm/mm 1.6041mm/mm), which justifies that the distance between the load which is the point of application of the load and the axis of the spine plays a very important role in increasing the solitation the latter.
Acknowledgements
The authors extend their appreciation to the Director of Scientific Research at LaBPS for funding the work through the Biomechanics Research Group.
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 at the disc depending on its condition){kind=link}
 bending (b) compression [13]){kind=link}
: Lateral (left) view. (b): dorsal view. (c): front view. (d): lateral (right) view){kind=link}
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 the nucleus pulposus, (b) the intervertebral disk, (c) the cortical bone, (d) the cancellous bone (e) anterior longitudinal ligament (f) posterior longitudinal ligament){kind=link}
 for posterior loading of 15 kg){kind=link}
 for posterior loading of 15 kg){kind=link}
 for posterior loading of 15 kg){kind=link}
 for a posterior loading of 15 kg){kind=link}
 at the level of (S1-L5, L5-L4 and L4-L3) (a), (b), showing a herniated disc (S1 -L5) posterior right lateral [46]){kind=link}
 for posterior loading of 15 kg){kind=link}
 for posterior loading of 15 kg){kind=link}
 for posterior loading of 15 kg){kind=link}
 for posterior loading of 15 kg){kind=link}
 and lateral (b) show one great fault to extradural (L5-S1) (black arrow) which blocks almost completely the spinal canal to decrease the space between (L5-S1 and L5-L4), (c) TDM lumbosacral spine in axial section showing a herniated disc median (L5-S1) [47]){kind=link}
 disc pinching (L5-S1, L5-L4), (b) TDM lumbosacral of spine axial section showing a herniated disc median (L5-S1) posterolateral left, (c) lumbosacral MRI showing a posterior disc herniation (L5-S1), progression disc level (L5-L4), (D) MRI axial section showing a posterolateral disc left hernia (S1-L5) [47]){kind=link}
