Figures index

From

The Effects Induced by a Backpack Eccentric Load on the Spine of Children

Samir Zahaf, Bensamine Mansouri, Abderrahmane Belarbi, Zitouni Azari

Biomedical Science and Engineering. 2016, 4(1), 6-22 doi:10.12691/bse-4-1-2
  • Figure 1. herniated disc studied [11]
  • Figure 2. Constitution spine (school children) at the disc depending on its condition
  • Figure 3. The intervertebral disc with (a) bending (b) compression [13]
  • Figure 4. Load distribution at the disc D1 according to his state [14]
  • Figure 5. Lumbar vertebras
  • Figure 6. Spine studied: (a): Lateral (left) view. (b): dorsal view. (c): front view. (d): lateral (right) view
  • Figure 7. Vertebra and sacrum dimensions
  • Figure 8. 3D modeling thoracic vertebra L3, D4 disc of the lumbar spine (SOLIDWORKS 2014 software)
  • Figure 9. Assemblies in isometric perspective
  • Figure 10. spine 3D finite element modeling (ANSYS 14.5 software)
  • Figure 11. Mechanical model of the spine anterior load (normal person)
  • Figure 12. Distribution of the stresses and strains of Von Mises in the spine for a posterior load of 15 kg. (A) the nucleus pulposus, (b) the intervertebral disk, (c) the cortical bone, (d) the cancellous bone (e) anterior longitudinal ligament (f) posterior longitudinal ligament
  • Figure 13. Histogram of Von Mises stresses in the cortical bone for posterior loading of 15 kg
  • Figure 14. Histogram of Von Mises strains in the cortical bone for posterior loading of 15 kg
  • Figure 15. Distribution des contraintes et déformations de Von Mises dans l'os cortical pour un chargement postérieur de 15 kg
  • Figure 16. Histogram of Von Mises stresses in cancellous bone for posterior loading of 15 kg
  • Figure 17. Histogram of Von Mises strains in cancellous bone for posterior loading of 15 kg
  • Figure 18. Distribution of the stresses and strains of Von Mises in the cancellous bone for a posterior loading of 15kg
  • Figure 19. Histogram of Von Mises stresses in the DIV for posterior loading of 15 kg
  • Figure 20. Histogram of Von Mises strains in the DIV for posterior loading of 15 kg
  • Figure 21. Distribution of the stress and strain of Von Mises in DIV (D1, D12, D3, D4) for posterior loading of 15 kg
  • Figure 22. lumbar MRI sagittal section in a boy of 12, T2-weighted sequence showing a stepped disc protrusion at L5-S1, L5-L4, L4-L3 [44]
  • Figure 23. Sagittal section of lumbar MRI T2 showing the appearance of a herniated disc L4-L5 associated with discale progression L3-L4 and S1-L5 [45]
  • Figure 24. Histogram of Von Mises stresses in the nucleus pulposus (N1, N2, N3, N4) for posterior loading of 15 kg
  • Figure 25. Histogram of Von Mises strains in the nucleus pulposus (N1, N2, N3, N4) for posterior loading of 15 kg
  • Figure 26. Distribution of the stresses and strains of Von Mises in nucleus pulposus (N1, N2, N3, N4) for a posterior loading of 15 kg
  • Figure 27. Sagittal section a lumbosacral MRI T2 showing disc degeneration (disc disease) at the level of (S1-L5, L5-L4 and L4-L3) (a), (b), showing a herniated disc (S1 -L5) posterior right lateral [46]
  • Figure 28. Histogram of Von Mises stresses in the DIV D3 for posterior loading of 15 Kg
  • Figure 29. Distribution of Von Mises stresses in the annulus fibrosis (D3) for posterior loading of 15 kg
  • Figure 30. Histogram of Von Mises strains in the DIV D3 for posterior laoding of 15 Kg
  • Figure 31. Distribution of Von Mises strains in the annulus fibrosis (D3) for posterior loading of 15 kg
  • Figure 32. Histogram of Von Mises stresses in the D4 DIV for posterior loading of 15 Kg
  • Figure 33. Histogram of Von Mises strains in the D4 DIV for posterior loading of 15 Kg
  • Figure 34. Distribution of Von Mises stresses in the annulus fibrosis (D4) for posterior loading of 15 kg
  • Figure 35. Distribution of Von Mises strains in the annulus fibrosis (D4) for posterior loading of 15 kg
  • Figure 36. Images of a girl 14 years with back pain so grave she was unable to walk. lumbosacral spine radiographs of the posterior face (a) and lateral (b) show one great fault to extradural (L5-S1) (black arrow) which blocks almost completely the spinal canal to decrease the space between (L5-S1 and L5-L4), (c) TDM lumbosacral spine in axial section showing a herniated disc median (L5-S1) [47]
  • Figure 37. Standard profile of the lumbar sacral spine radiograph of a boy of 16 years showing: (a) disc pinching (L5-S1, L5-L4), (b) TDM lumbosacral of spine axial section showing a herniated disc median (L5-S1) posterolateral left, (c) lumbosacral MRI showing a posterior disc herniation (L5-S1), progression disc level (L5-L4), (D) MRI axial section showing a posterolateral disc left hernia (S1-L5) [47]