Background: Missed nursing care is a worldwide concern for nurses and nurse managers. Assessing the fundamental factors that lead to missed care activities may provide evidence that enables nurses to limit missed care and continuity of patient care. Aims: Assess missed nursing care and factors leading to missed nursing care among nurses in at selected hospitals. Design: A descriptive cross-sectional design was utilized. Setting: The study was conducted in the Intensive care Units at Menoufia University Hospital, Shebin El Kom Teaching Hospital, and Benha University Hospital. Subjects: A convenience sample of 240 nurses was taken from selected Hospitals. Tool of data collection: Missed Nursing Care Activity Questionnaire and Factors of Missed Nursing Care Questionnaire. Results: Revealed that attending interdisciplinary care conferences, health education, feeding patients, and assessment patient were the most frequent types of missed nursing care. The greatest percentages of nurses working at Shebin El Kom Teaching Hospital (41.1%) had high level missed nursing care. While the lowest percentage of nurses working at Menoufia University Hospital (21.3%) had a high level of missed nursing care. The highest total mean score for missed nursing care was 44.19±9.90 to nurses working at Shebin El Kom Teaching Hospital. The most prevalent factors of missed care were “labor resources, followed by material resources, and then communication factors. Conclusion: It is concluded that the most factor leading to missed nursing care as perceived by studied nurses were related to labor resources. The majority of studied nurses have moderate levels of missed nursing care. Recommendations: It is recommended to disseminate the study results to hospital administrators to provide them with evidence to design effective strategies that can contribute to assist in reducing missed nursing care.
In recent years, an identified quality indicator for nursing care and patient safety is the frequency of missed nursing care, which is used as a “red flag” to warn of inadequate staffing levels 1. Nursing care pertains to activities that are developed by the nursing staff, such as administering medication, patient ambulation and turning, changes of position, bathing patients, mouth care, recording vital signs, intake and output documentation, nutrition, and education for hospital discharge, among others. When these essential elements of care are not offered to the patient, it is known as missed nursing care or errors of omission 2.
Missed nursing care defined as any standard, required nursing care omitted or significantly delayed, indicating an error of omission. Missed nursing care, also known as implicitly rationed care, nursing care left undone, unmet patient needs, and unfinished nursing care, refers to necessary nursing care that is delayed, partially completed, or missing in a clinical, emotional, or administrative aspect or for any number of possible reasons 3. Missed nursing care has been linked to negative patient outcomes and attributed to a variety of causes from the work environment, to patient care demands and staffing issues 4.
Much of the interest in missed care has been because of the role it may play in explaining the widely observed association between low nurse staffing levels and increased mortality in hospital patients 5. Missed nursing care has been influenced by many complex factors such as hospital resources, the working environment of the ward, nurse-patient ratios, and the number of hours a nurse works per shift has all these been associated with missed nursing care 6. Furthermore, the factors that may contribute to missed nursing care involve human resources, material resources, and communication 7. Moreover, the results of 8 showed that “shift type, nursing resource allocation, health professional communication, workload intensity, workload predictability, nurses’ satisfaction with their current job and their intention to remain working” were significant predictors of missed care.
The outcome refers to the direct effects of care on the patients where the presence of nursing care missed can cause negative outcomes, such as dissatisfaction, falls, pressure ulcers, infections, among others, all of which entail repercussions for the quality and safety of care 9. The nursing staff is responsible for the care quality provided where identifying care omissions and factors related to these omissions permits taking the relevant measures involved in the restructuring of nursing services, in order to contribute to the solution of the missed nursing care problem 10.
1.1. Significance of the StudyMissed nursing care and errors of omission can be frequent at hospitals that attend to patients with acute health problems. The omission of nursing care can lead to adverse outcomes for patients, with significant harm, especially in vulnerable patient populations. When tasks are missed by nursing staff, patients do not receive quality care, thus patient safety and patient outcomes can be compromised 11. Furthermore, critical deaths in Egypt represent the majority of hospital deaths with more than half a million deaths every year, the ministry of health reported that total numbers of admission to intensive care units were 40273 and number of death was 1807 in a ratio of 4.5% 12. So, the present study was conducted for assessing the type of missed nursing care and the essential factors that lead to missed care activities among nurses on the intensive care units at selected hospitals.
1.2. Aim of the StudyThe aim of the current study was to assess missed nursing care and factors leading to missed nursing care among nurses in at selected hospitals. The aim can be achieved through the following objectives:
1. Assess the types of missed nursing care according to the perception of nurses.
2. Assess the factors of missed care according to the perception of nurses.
3. Examine the relationship between nurses' characteristics and missed nursing care.
1.3. Research Questions1. What are the types of nursing care missed as perceived by nurses in selected hospitals?
2. What are the leading factors to missed nursing care as perceived by nurses?
3. Is there associated with nurses' characteristics and missed nursing care?
4. Is there a relation between missed nursing care and factors leading to missed care?
A descriptive cross-sectional design was used in conducting the study.
2.2. SettingThe study was conducted in the intensive care units at Menoufia University Hospital, Shebin El Kom Teaching Hospital, and Benha University Hospital.
2.3. SubjectA convenience sample of 240 nurses who are working in intensive care units at the aforementioned hospitals.
It consisted of all nurses available at the time of the study. Their total number was 240 nurses: 80 nurses from the Menoufia University Hospital, 90 nurses from the Shebin El Kom Teaching Hospital, and 70 nurses from the Benha University Hospital.
1) Nurses who had been at least one year of experience in nursing practice in the study setting.
2) Nurses who approved to participate in the study.
3) Nurses who provide direct care to patients.
1) Nurses who selected randomly for the pilot study to test the relevance and applicability of the study tools.
2.4. Tools for Data CollectionIn order to fulfill the aim of the study, two tools were used for data collection.
It was developed by the researchers based on relevant literature 9, 26. It includes socio-demographic data and work characteristics items on the nursing staff. Socio-demographic data such as the hospital, age, sex, marital status, qualification, year of experience, and work characteristics such as work schedules, shift, working hours, number of patients in last shift, and satisfaction with the job.
It was designed by 13. It consists of two parts:
Ÿ Part I: Missed Nursing Care Activity Questionnaire
To determine the nurses' perception of their types of missed nursing care. It consisted of 24 items divided into nine domains: 1) patient assessment (5 items), 2) medication administration (4 items), 3) patient education (3 items), 4) feeding (2 items), 5) hygiene (4 items), 6) patient mobilization (2 items), 7) response to patient needs (2 items), 8) attend interdisciplinary care conferences whenever held (1 item), and 9) documentation of all necessary data (1 item). The subjects' response was rated on a three-point Likert Scale from “never missed (1), occasionally missed (2), and always missed (3).” The answer choices are converted into a dichotomous scale; options 1 and 2 are regarded as care that was provided, while option 3 was regarded as missed care. The score of the items was summed-up and the total divided by the number of the items, giving a mean score for each missed domain. These scores were converted into a percent score. The scores of less than 60% were considered low missed care, while 60% -75% were considered moderate missed care, and more than 75 % were considered high missed care.
Ÿ Part II: Factors of Missed Nursing Care Questionnaire
To assess factors leading to missed nursing care as perceived by nurses. It consisted of 17 items divided into three categories:1) communication factors (9 items), 2) material resources (3 items), and 3) labor resources (5 items). The subjects' response was rated on a three-point Likert Scale from “not a final reason (1), a moderate reason (2), and a significant reason (3).” The score of the items was summed-up and the total divided by the number of the items, giving a mean score for each factor. These scores were converted into a percent score. The scores of less than 60% were considered not affective reasons, while the scores of 60% and more were considered affective reasons.
2.5. MethodsThe study was executed according to the following steps:
2.5.1.1. Tools Validity: Tools of data collection were translated into Arabic and reviewed for their content validity by five experts was selected to test the content and face validity of the instruments. The panel included two experts from nursing administration department, two experts from Medical Surgical Nursing departments and one Community Health Nursing departments (Menoufia University and Benha University). Necessary modifications were done to reach the final valid version of the tool. The tool was considered valid from the experts' perspective.
2.5.1.2. Tools Reliability: The tools were tested for reliability by the test-retest technique by 24 nurses from the three hospitals who were interviewed twice at an interval of one week period and data were analyzed and compared. The reliability was assessed in a pilot study by measuring their internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha coefficient method. This turned to be (α = 0.86) for Missed Nursing Care activity Questionnaire tool, and (α = 0. 89) for Reasons of Missed Nursing Care Questionnaire tool. This indicates a high degree of reliability for the study tools
A pilot study was conducted to test the clarity and applicability of the study tools and estimate the time needed for each tool. It was done on 10% of the total subjects, (24) nurses (8 from Menoufia University Hospital, 9 from Shebin El Kom Teaching Hospital and 7 from Benha University Hospital) who not included in the present study. The time needed for filling each questionnaire related to nurses was 10-20 minutes tools. Some questions unrelated to subjects were excluded, some questions were added or refined, also necessary adjustment and modification were done and the final form was developed.
Data was collected upon three months starting from first of September 2017 until the end of November 2017. This was done weekly in the morning and afternoon shifts. After gaining the acceptance from nurses to participate in the study, the researcher explained the purpose and content of the questionnaire tools to nurses and the tools was given and asked to fill it out and return it anonymously in the same setting or at most the next day. The researchers were available for any clarifications.
All the relevant principles of ethics in research were followed. Before starting the practical work an official letter clarifying the purpose of the study was obtained from the faculty dean of nursing to the three hospitals directors to conduct the study and collect the necessary data. Participants’ consent to participate was obtained after informing them about their rights to participate, refuse, or withdraw at any time. Total confidentiality of any obtained information was ensured. The study maneuver could not entail any harmful effects on participants.
A compatible personal computer was used to store and analyzed data. The Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS), version 20 was used. Descriptive statistics were applied such as Frequency, percentage distribution; mean and standard deviation. A comparison was performed using the Chi-square test. Correlation between variables was evaluated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). Significance was adopted at p<0.05 for interpretation of results of tests of significance.
Table 1: Shows socio-demographic characteristics and work characteristics of the studied nurses. As indicated in the table the majority of nurses (60.4%) were female, married (52.5%) and 51.6% of the studied nurses their age was between 30 to 39 years with mean age of 40.2. The majority (37.1%) of studied nurses were technical institute in nursing. The highest percentage (52.5%) of nurses had 5-10 years of experience and more than half (54.6%) have three to four patients in the last shift and less than half (47.9) worked day shifts. The majority (62.9%) of studied nurses were unsatisfied with their job.
Table 2: Shows mean score of total missed nursing care and each domain as reported by the studied nurses. As indicated from the table, were highly statistically significant differences between the study settings regarding assessment patient, feeding and hygiene at selected hospitals and the highest total mean score for missed nursing care were 44.19±9.90 to nurses working at Shebin El Kom Teaching Hospital.
Figure 1: Illustrates ranking nurses' sample about frequent types of missed nursing care during hospitalization according to their perception. It showed that attending interdisciplinary care conferences, health education, feeding patients, and assessment patient were the most frequent types of missed care and the least missed care elements were in the medication administration and documentation of all necessary data necessary data were (4.2%).
Figure 2: Illustrates the distribution of the studied subjects according to their levels of missed nursing care. It showed that the highest percentage (47.5 %) of the studied nurses have moderate levels of their missed nursing care during hospitalization.
Table 3: illustrates the distribution of the studied nurses' according to their level of missed nursing care regarding Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom Teaching, and Benha University hospitals. It showed that the highest percentages of nurses(41.1%) who had work in Shebin El Kom Teaching Hospital had a high level of missed nursing care and the highest percentage of nurses who had work in Benha University hospital (44.3%) had a moderate level of missed nursing care. While the lowest percentages of nurses (11.3%) who had work in the Menoufia university hospital had a low level of missed nursing care. There is a highly statistically significant difference.
Table 4: Shows mean score of total factors of missed nursing care as reported by the studied nurses. As indicated from the table, were none statistically significant differences between the study settings regarding all items.
Table 5: Shows the frequency distribution of nurses' perception regarding reasons of missed nursing care at the study setting. The highest significant reason of the studied nurses regarding Labor resources item was rated to the inadequate number of staff (63.3%) at Shebin El Kom Teaching Hospital as compared to (61.3% and 57.2%) at Menoufia University and Benha University Hospitals respectively. While (37.2%) of the studied nurses were rated to the inadequate number of assistive personnel as a moderate reason at Benha University Hospital.
Figure 3:Illustrates ranking factors leading to missed care during hospitalization according to nurses' perception. It showed that labor resources were the most prevalent affective factors of missed care followed by material resources, and then communication factors.
Figure 4: Illustrates the distribution of studied nurses according to overall factors of missed nursing care at study setting. It showed that the highest percentage of nurses (74.7%) reported that these factors are affective of missed nursing care in Shebin El Kom Teaching Hospital. The lowest percentage of nurses (47.5%) reported that these factors are affective of missed nursing care at Menoufia University Hospital.
Table 6: Indicates the relation between levels of missed nursing care and socio-demographic characteristics of the studied nurses. It illustrates that there was a highly statistically significant difference between nurses' perception level of missed nursing care and their demographic characteristics except work day shift item was no statistically differences (p-value= 0.060).
Table 7: Indicates the correlation between total missed care domains and factors of missed nursing care scores among the studied nurses. It showed that a highly statistical significance difference and a positive correlation between the total score of missed nursing care and factors of missed care. A significant and positive relation was found between the Labor resources and all of missed nursing care domains except health education. While the material resources were associated with the all of missed nursing care domains except attend interdisciplinary care conference. Also, the communication factors were associated with all of the missed nursing care domains except attend interdisciplinary care conference and response to patient need. While, there was no correlation between the missed domains of documentation all data and factors of missed care (labor, material resources, and communication).
Table 8: Indicates the correlation of nurses regarding total missed care score and total factors of missed score at study setting. As evident from the table, there was a statistically significant difference and a positive correlation between total missed care score and factors of missed score at Shebin El Kom Teaching Hospital and Menoufia University Hospital and highly statistically significant difference and a positive correlation between total missed care score and factors of missed score at Benha University Hospital where p < 0.001.
Nursing care in the general acute care hospital setting is complex and dynamic, due, in part, to the many changes that the healthcare industry has experienced in modern times 14, 15. Nurses missed required patient care in hospitals around the world, therefore missed nursing care is considered a major comprehensive problem in hospitals 16. This cross-sectional descriptive study had included 240 nurses, with the aim of assessed the levels and types of missed nursing care and factors leading to missed care among nursing staff.
The findings of the study identified that there are elements of nursing care that are missed during the patients’ hospital stay, One-third of the nurses are considered to have a high level of missed of nursing care according to their perspective and less than half of the nurses perceived a moderate level of missed nursing care, and nearly a quarter of the sample nurses have a low level of missed nursing care during hospitalization of patients.
The findings of the present study identified that the trends in types of missed care were similar across three hospitals. The current study indicated that the most prevalent types of missed nursing care in selected hospitals were attending interdisciplinary care conferences, health education for patients, feeding patients, and patients assessment followed by hygiene, patient mobilization and response to patient needs while the least missed care types were in the medication administration and documentation of all necessary data as reported by nurses hospitals. Such results are consistent with the results of 17, 18.
As regarding the top type of missed nursing care reported by hospitals, nurses were as attending interdisciplinary care conferences and health education for patients. This result similar to the results reported by 18, 19 reported that attending interdisciplinary care conferences was the most frequent type of “missed nursing care. Moreover, 6 showed that “comforting or talking with patients and educating patients were the most frequent types of missed care. Similarly, 20 found that patient education issues are missed continually during hospitalization. Also, 21 indicated that basic elements of care are not done, postponed or performed at a less optimum level as mobilization, education, and emotional support.
As pointed of researcher view a lack of adequate patient education has a negative repercussion on patient outcomes, such as complications and readmissions. Also, Patient education is an important intervention that must be developed as a priority by the members of the nursing staff, because it helps them to improve their participation and to make informed decisions about care.
As for feeding patients and patient mobilization, all nurses in selected hospitals reported these issues are missed continually during hospitalization. This result agreed with those reported 20 who found that nurses perceived a significant proportion of missed or omitted care for basic care interventions such as assistance patient in walking and feeding the patient. As pointed of researcher view assume routine nursing care such as feeding in most hospitals as part of the care that performed by the nursing assistant and nursing students, to save time for the nurses to perform the skilled and professional activities of the patients, But the nurses must make sure it is provided to patients.
As for the interventions in response to patient needs. All nurses in selected hospitals perceived fewer missed continually during hospitalization. This result agreed with 10 reported fewer omissions in individual needs is relevant to consider though, especially since care actions are intended to respond to human needs rather than to health problems. Finally, in the dimension of patient documentation with the necessary data; the staff perceived little care missed as the complete patient documentation with the necessary data elements. These results are similar to 6.
Another important finding was the factors that are leading to missed nursing. As regarding nurses perceptions of factors of missed care within selected hospitals. The findings of the present study revealed three factors as contributors to missed nursing care. These factors have been identified as; labor resources, material resources, and communication factor. These three factors are similar across in the three selected hospitals, the most frequent factor was labor resources, followed by material resources and communication factor, respectively. Concerning the factors of missed care, there were significant differences between hospitals in every factor. The findings of the present study of human resources, material resources and communication factors as reasons of missed care are consistent with other studies 20, 22, 23.
Regarding the relevance of labor resources for the missed of care, the majority of nurses reported the most prevalent factor of missed care was labor resources. This finding is consistent with previous studies 10, 24. The findings of the present study found that the nurses in all the three selected hospitals mentioned that the inadequate number of staff, unexpected rise in patient volume, heavy admission and discharge activity, and urgent patient situations respectively were the most significant elements reasons missed care for labor resources factor. This result agrees with 10. Also, 2 reported that lower levels of registered nurses on duty increase the risk of many aspects of care being either delayed or left undone. As pointed of researcher view an inadequate number of nurses with a rise in patient volume or acuity on the unit, nurses will be missed some nursing care for patients although this may increase the risk of bad and unsatisfactory outcomes in the patients.
Regarding the component elements of the material resource factor and were reasons of missed care, nurses reported the most prevalent elements for missed care were medications were not available when needed, where it is the most important reason of the nurses working in the Shebin El Kom Teaching Hospital and Benha University Hospital, while nurses working in the Menoufia University Hospital reported the supplies and equipment do not function properly when needed as an important reason of missed care. 25 found that regarding the error of missed of medication significant relationships were found with the factors of problematic organization and lack of supplies. As pointed of researcher view inadequate supplies, equipment and unavailability of medications will lead to delay in the nursing intervention of patients, thus leading to the lack of continuity in the care of the patients, which causes the patient to complications and deterioration in their condition.
As regarding the third factor of missed nursing care was the communication factor. Nurses in all the three selected hospitals mentioned that the tension or errors in communication with medical staff, the patient's caregiver is outside the unit or unavailable, inadequate handoff from the previous shift and unbalanced patient assignments respectively were the most significant elements. This result agreed with 26. Also, 22 identified that the top communication items for missed care were unbalanced patient assignments and tension and communication breakdown with the medical staff 27 who reported that, effective communication between staff could be beneficial to reduce the length of stay and ensure better patient outcomes.
Another significant finding was the relationship between nurses’ characteristics and missed nursing care. The present study indicated that there was statistically significant associated with missed nursing care and the demographic characteristics for the study samples. The findings of the present study reported the higher level of missed nursing care in the Shebin El Kom Teaching than Menoufia University and Benha University Hospitals is an important finding. From the researcher point of view, the Shebin El Kom Teaching Hospital has the highest student load (nursing diploma, technical institute, and bachelor students) and that having students increased workload for staff members, where instruction and helping students add to the workload on hospitals' nurses.
28 Explained that university hospital environment is providing a model of collaboration and teamwork. Also, the same authors reported that the highest percentages of nurses have high safety climate level who was working at the university hospital where they were higher than who was working at the teaching hospital. From the researcher point of view, the safety climate of the university hospital environment helps to reduce and even prevent the missed of nursing care for patients, which helps to maintain the quality of care.
Regarding the relation between missed nursing care level and nurses' age and experience, the present study results indicated that the younger age groups, 18-29 years and nurses with less than 5 years of experience reported the highest level of missed nursing care and age was found to be significantly associated with missed nursing care. The result of the association of age with missed nursing care is congruent with the result of 29 who found age to be a significant predictor of missed care. Also, this finding agreed with 3 reported that younger participants reported significantly more missed nursing care than older respondents. In addition to that, 30 indicated that younger community nurses were more likely to miss care. While this result is incongruent with 31 found that nurses with more years of experience are more likely informants of a higher level of missed nursing care.
Also, this result is incongruent with 22 found staff who worked for ≥10 years perceived more missed care compared to those who worked for ≤6 months. From the researcher point of view, these findings indicated that newly graduated nurses do not perceive the level of missed care in the same way as the experienced nurses.
Regarding the relation between missed nursing level and nurses' gender, the present study results indicated that the female and married nurses reported the highest level of missed nursing care than male nurses and gender was significantly associated with missed care. This result incongruent with 23 showed that a reduced level of missed care was reported by females' nurses. While 32 who found that gender was not significantly associated with missed care.
Regarding the relation between the missed level of nursing care and nurses' qualification, the present study results have statistically significant. The findings of this study found the majority of the nurses with baccalaureate degree qualifications had a significantly lower level of missed nursing care for patients. This result incongruent with 31 found that nurses with more education are more likely informants of higher level of missed nursing care.
Regarding the relation between the missed level of nursing care and the number of patients in the last shift, the present study results have statistically significant. The findings of this study reported that nurses who have too more than three patients in the last shift were a significantly higher level of missed nursing care for patients. This result congruent with 33 who founded that nurses who have too many patients to care for do not have time to complete all necessary care and that this missed nursing care increases the odds of poor patient outcomes.
Regarding the relation between the missed level of nursing care and work day shift, the present study results have on statistically significant. The findings of this study incongruent with 34 that showed that the day shift nurses reported more missed care than night shift nurses. Also, 35 demonstrated the link between persistent overtime and the inability to take breaks as factors compounding missed care.
Regarding the relationship between job satisfaction and missed nursing care, the present study results have highly statistically significant. The findings of this study reported that nurses who have unsatisfied with their job had a significantly higher level of missed nursing care for patients. The findings of this study congruent with 36 who found that a moderate negative relationship between job satisfaction and missed care among nurses in South Africa. While 23 indicated no relationship between job satisfaction and missed nursing care. Finally, the current study showed statistical significance associated with missed nursing care and the demographic characteristics of the study samples. From the researcher's point of view, these results indicate that the change in these demographic variables had a significant impact on the level of nursing missed care except work day shift variable did not have a significant effect.
As regarding the correlation of nurses regarding total missed care domains and factors of missed nursing care at study setting. The findings of the present study indicated that a highly statistical significance difference and a positive correlation between the total score of missed nursing care and factors of missed care. A significant and positive relation was found between the Labor resources and all of missed nursing care domains except health education and documentation all data domains. The material resources were associated with the all of missed nursing care domains except attend interdisciplinary care conference and documentation all data domains. Also, the communication factors were associated with all of missed nursing care domains except attend interdisciplinary care conference, response to patient need, and documentation all data domains. This result agreed with 23 indicated that an increased level of “missed nursing care” was reported by nurses who perceived higher levels of reasons related to limited labor, material resources, and infective communication. While this result did not correspond with 10 where they found that strong association between missed care and dimensions for the labor resources and communication factors and no association between missed care and dimensions for the material resources.
As regarding the correlation of nurses to total missed care score and total factors of missed care score at study setting. The findings of the present study indicated that highly statistically significant and positive correlation between the total of missed nursing care and total factors of missed at Benha University Hospital and statistically significant collocation between the total of missed nursing care and the total factors of missed care at Shebin El Kom Teaching Hospital and Menoufia University Hospital. 37 Founded that inadequate staffing and inadequate material resources were the practice environment factors most strongly associated with missed nursing care events.
Finally, the present study contributes to understating the unexplored area of care omissions in intensive care settings and its relation to the demographic characteristics of nurses. The missed nursing care an incident that worth further search in other areas in hospitals.
In the light of the present study results, it was concluded that the most frequent types of missed nursing care as perceived by studied nurses were related to attending interdisciplinary care conferences, health education, feeding patients, and patient assessment followed by hygiene, patient mobilization and response to patient needs while the least missed care types were in the medication administration and documentation of all necessary data. One-third of the nurses are considered to have a high level of missed of nursing care according to their perspective and less than half of the nurses perceived a moderate level of missed nursing care, and nearly a quarter of the sample nurses have a low level of missed nursing care during hospitalization of patients. The greatest percentages of nurses working at Shebin El Kom Teaching Hospital who had high level missed nursing care as their perception. The result also revealed that the most factors leading to missed nursing care as perceived by studied nurses were related to labor resources followed by material resources, and then communication factors. The highest significant reasons of the studied nurses regarding labor resources factor were inadequate number of staff, unexpected rise in patient volume and heavy admission and discharge activity and the significant reason of the studied nurses regarding material resources factor was medications were not available when needed and for communication factors were tension or errors in communication with medical staff, caregiver off unit or unavailable, and inadequate handoff from previous shift. There was a positive correlation between total missed care and total factors of missed nursing care at different Hospitals. Also, there were a highly statistically significant difference and positive relationship between nurses' perception level of missed nursing care and their socio-demographic characteristics.
The study recommended the following:
Ÿ Disseminate the study results to hospital administrators to provide them with evidence to design effective strategies that can contribute to assistance in reducing missed nursing care.
Ÿ Nursing administrators need to have an efficient and sufficient nursing staff to meet patients' care needs in order to improve nursing care in hospitals.
Ÿ Hospital administrators must implement strategies that permit effective communication between all health team members and those interested in patient care.
Ÿ Nursing managers should consider the balanced distribution of nurses to patients to avoid or limit missed care in their units.
Ÿ Nursing managers must report back to registered nurses following the investigation of reportable events.
Ÿ Hospital administrators need to illuminate job descriptions within the nursing team.
Ÿ Further research is needed to assess how to overcome factors leading to missed nursing care among nurses.
Ÿ Further research is needed to examine the relationship between missed nursing care and quality of patient care.
| [1] | National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2014). Safe nurse staffing of adult wards in acute hospitals: Report from SSAC sub-group meeting expert paper 3 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. | ||
| In article | |||
| [2] | Ausserhofer, D., Zander, B., Busse, R., Schubert, M., De Geest, S., Rafferty, AM., Schwendimann, R. (2014).Prevalence, patterns and predictors of nursing care left undone in European hospitals: Results from the multi-country cross-sectional RN4CAST study. British Medical Journal of Quality and Safety, 23(2), 126-135. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [3] | Bragadóttir H, Kalisch B, Smaradóttir S, & Jonsdóttir H. (2016). The psychometric testing of the Nursing Teamwork Survey in Iceland. International Journal of Nursing Practice. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [4] | Verrall, C., Abery, E., Harvey, C., Henderson, J., Willis, E., Hamilton, P., Toffoli, L., Blackman, I., (2015). Nurses and midwives perceptions of missed nursing care - a South Australian study. Collegian 22 (4), 420-423. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [5] | Recio-Saucedo A, Dall'Ora C, Maruotti A, Briggs J, Meredith P, Redfern O, Kovacs C., (2018). What impact does nursing care left undone have on patient outcomes? Review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Nursing. Jun; 27(11-12): 2248-2259. | ||
| In article | |||
| [6] | Ball, E., Murrells, T., Rafferty, M., Morrow, E., Griffiths, P., (2014). Care left undone during nursing shifts: associations with workload and perceived quality of care. Brit. BMJ Quality and Safety, 23 (2), 116-125. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed PubMed | ||
| [7] | Wakefield, B.J. (2014). Facing Up to the Reality of Missed Care. BMJ Qual Saf. 23:92-94. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [8] | Blackman, I., Henderson, J., Willis, E., Hamilton, P., Toffoli, L., Verrall, C., & Harvey, C. (2015). Factors influencing why nursing care is missed. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 24, 47-56. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [9] | Kalisch BJ, Landstrom G, Hinshaw A. (2009). Missed nursing care a concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 65(7): 1509-1517. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [10] | Hernández-Cruz R, Moreno-Monsiváis M, Cheverría-Rivera S, Díaz-Oviedo A. (2017). Factors influencing the missed nursing care in patients from a private hospital. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem. 25: e2877. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed PubMed | ||
| [11] | Bittner N, Gravlin G, Hansten R, Kalisch B. (2011). Unraveling Care Omissions. Journal of Nursing Administration, 41 (12): 510-512. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [12] | Wahdan,W. (2010). Critical care nurses perception of obstacles and supportive behavior in providing end of life care to dying patients and their family; Alexandria University, Egypt. | ||
| In article | |||
| [13] | Kalisch BJ & Williams RA. (2009). Development and psychometric testing of a tool to measure missed nursing care. Journal of Nursing Administration 39, 211-219. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [14] | Barnard, A. (2016). Radical nursing and the emergence of technique as healthcare technology. Nursing Philosophy, 17(1), 8-18. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [15] | Gimenes, F. & Faleiros, F. (2014). Nursing challenges for the 21st century. Journal of Nursing Care, 3(1), 1-3. | ||
| In article | |||
| [16] | Jones, T.L., Hamilton, P., Murry, N., (2015). Unfinished nursing care, missed care, and implicitly rationed care: state of the science review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 52(6), 1121-1137. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [17] | Andreou, P., Efstathiou, G., Papastavrou, E., (2014). Rationing of nursing care and nurse-patient outcomes: a systematic review of quantitative studies. International journal of health planning and management. 29 (1), 3-25. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [18] | Tubbs-Cooley, H., Pickler, R., Younger, J. & Mark, B. (2015). A descriptive study of nurse reported missed care in neonatal intensive care units. Journal of advanced nursing, 71(4), 813-824. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [19] | Friese, C., Kalisch, B. & Lee, K. (2013). Patterns and correlates of “missed nursing care” in inpatient oncology units. Cancer Nursing, 36, E51-E57. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed PubMed | ||
| [20] | Moreno-Monsiváis M, Moreno-Rodríguez C, Interial-Guzmán M. (2015). Missed Nursing Care in Hospitalized Patients. Aquichan, 15(3): 318-328. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [21] | Papastavrou P, Vryonides S, Charalambous A, & Merkouris A. (2015). Missed Nursing care as related to ethical climate: a pilot study.. 1st International ICE Observatory Future of Ethics in Care and 16th Nursing Ethics Conference. July 17-18, 2015. The University of Surrey, Guildford, UK. | ||
| In article | |||
| [22] | Chapman R., Courtney M., &Chalmers C. (2017). Impact of teamwork on missed care in four Australian Hospitals. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26, 170-181. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [23] | Saqer T, & AbuAlRub R, ( 2018). Missed Nursing Care and its Relationship with Confidence in Delegation among Hospital Nurses. Journal of clinical nursing. 27(13-14): 2887-2895. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [24] | Alba-Leonel A, Papaqui-Hernández J, Zarza-Arizmendi M, Fajardo-Ortiz G. (2011). Errores de enfermería en la atención hospitalaria. Rev Enferm Inst Mex Seguro Soc; 19(3): 149-54. | ||
| In article | |||
| [25] | Mahmood A, Chaudhury H, & Valente M. (2011). Nurses' perceptions of how physical environment affects medication errors in acute care settings Applied Nursing Research 24 (2011) 229-237. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [26] | Kalisch B, Tschannen D, Lee H, Friese C. (2011a). Hospital Variation in Missed Nursing Care. AM J Med Qual 2011; 26 (4): 291-299. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed PubMed | ||
| [27] | White M, Wells J.& Butterworth T. (2014). The productive ward: releasing time to care – what we can learn from the literature for implementation. Journal of Nursing Management 22, 914-923. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [28] | Diab G. & Ahmed F., (2015). Nurses' perceptions of teamwork climate in hospital: the impact on patient safety climate. International Journal of Current Research, 7(2); 12553-12561. | ||
| In article | |||
| [29] | Bragadóttir, H. & Kalisch, P. (2017). Correlates and predictors of “missed nursing care” in hospitals. Journal of Clinical Nursing. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [30] | Phelan A, McCarthy S, Adams E. (2018). Examining missed care in community nursing: A cross section survey design. Journal Advanced Nursing.; 74: 626–636. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [31] | Castner J. (2012). A multi level model of missed nursing care in the context of hospital merger. Published Doctorate thesis, The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, pp. 9-15. | ||
| In article | |||
| [32] | Kalisch B, Tschannen D, Lee K. (2011b). Do Staffing Levels Predict Missed Nursing Care? International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 23(3), 302-08. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [33] | Ball, E., Curtis, L., Aiken, H., Sermeus, W., Sloane, M., Rafferty, A., Lindqvist, R., Tishelman, C., Griffiths, P., RN4Cast Consortium, (2018). Post-operative mortality, missed care and nurse staffing in nine countries:a cross sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies. Feb; 78: 10-15. | ||
| In article | |||
| [34] | Ball, J., Greiffiths, P. Rafferty, A., Lindqvist, R., Murrells, T. &Tishelman, C. (2016). A cross-sectional study of ‘care left undone’ on nursing shifts in hospitals. Journal of Advanced Nursing 72(9), 2086-2097. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [35] | Russell, K. (2016). Perceptions of burnout, its prevention, and its effect on patient care as described by oncology nurses in the hospital setting. Oncology Nursing Forum, 43(1), 103-109. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [36] | Bekker, M., Coetzee, S., Klopper, H. & Ellis, S. (2015). Non-nursing tasks, nursing tasks left undone and job satisfaction among professional nurses in South African hospitals. Journal of Nursing Management, 23, 1115-1125. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [37] | Hessels. A, Flynn. L, Jeannie P. Cimiotti 3, Edna Cadmus H., & Gershon R. (2015). The Impact of the Nursing Practice Environment on Missed Nursing Care. Clin Nurs Stud. 3(4): 60-65. | ||
| In article | |||
Published with license by Science and Education Publishing, Copyright © 2019 Gehan Mohamed Abd El-Hamed Diab and Rehab Mohamed Rashad Ebrahim
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
| [1] | National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2014). Safe nurse staffing of adult wards in acute hospitals: Report from SSAC sub-group meeting expert paper 3 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. | ||
| In article | |||
| [2] | Ausserhofer, D., Zander, B., Busse, R., Schubert, M., De Geest, S., Rafferty, AM., Schwendimann, R. (2014).Prevalence, patterns and predictors of nursing care left undone in European hospitals: Results from the multi-country cross-sectional RN4CAST study. British Medical Journal of Quality and Safety, 23(2), 126-135. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [3] | Bragadóttir H, Kalisch B, Smaradóttir S, & Jonsdóttir H. (2016). The psychometric testing of the Nursing Teamwork Survey in Iceland. International Journal of Nursing Practice. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [4] | Verrall, C., Abery, E., Harvey, C., Henderson, J., Willis, E., Hamilton, P., Toffoli, L., Blackman, I., (2015). Nurses and midwives perceptions of missed nursing care - a South Australian study. Collegian 22 (4), 420-423. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [5] | Recio-Saucedo A, Dall'Ora C, Maruotti A, Briggs J, Meredith P, Redfern O, Kovacs C., (2018). What impact does nursing care left undone have on patient outcomes? Review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Nursing. Jun; 27(11-12): 2248-2259. | ||
| In article | |||
| [6] | Ball, E., Murrells, T., Rafferty, M., Morrow, E., Griffiths, P., (2014). Care left undone during nursing shifts: associations with workload and perceived quality of care. Brit. BMJ Quality and Safety, 23 (2), 116-125. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed PubMed | ||
| [7] | Wakefield, B.J. (2014). Facing Up to the Reality of Missed Care. BMJ Qual Saf. 23:92-94. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [8] | Blackman, I., Henderson, J., Willis, E., Hamilton, P., Toffoli, L., Verrall, C., & Harvey, C. (2015). Factors influencing why nursing care is missed. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 24, 47-56. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [9] | Kalisch BJ, Landstrom G, Hinshaw A. (2009). Missed nursing care a concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 65(7): 1509-1517. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [10] | Hernández-Cruz R, Moreno-Monsiváis M, Cheverría-Rivera S, Díaz-Oviedo A. (2017). Factors influencing the missed nursing care in patients from a private hospital. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem. 25: e2877. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed PubMed | ||
| [11] | Bittner N, Gravlin G, Hansten R, Kalisch B. (2011). Unraveling Care Omissions. Journal of Nursing Administration, 41 (12): 510-512. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [12] | Wahdan,W. (2010). Critical care nurses perception of obstacles and supportive behavior in providing end of life care to dying patients and their family; Alexandria University, Egypt. | ||
| In article | |||
| [13] | Kalisch BJ & Williams RA. (2009). Development and psychometric testing of a tool to measure missed nursing care. Journal of Nursing Administration 39, 211-219. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [14] | Barnard, A. (2016). Radical nursing and the emergence of technique as healthcare technology. Nursing Philosophy, 17(1), 8-18. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [15] | Gimenes, F. & Faleiros, F. (2014). Nursing challenges for the 21st century. Journal of Nursing Care, 3(1), 1-3. | ||
| In article | |||
| [16] | Jones, T.L., Hamilton, P., Murry, N., (2015). Unfinished nursing care, missed care, and implicitly rationed care: state of the science review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 52(6), 1121-1137. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [17] | Andreou, P., Efstathiou, G., Papastavrou, E., (2014). Rationing of nursing care and nurse-patient outcomes: a systematic review of quantitative studies. International journal of health planning and management. 29 (1), 3-25. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [18] | Tubbs-Cooley, H., Pickler, R., Younger, J. & Mark, B. (2015). A descriptive study of nurse reported missed care in neonatal intensive care units. Journal of advanced nursing, 71(4), 813-824. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [19] | Friese, C., Kalisch, B. & Lee, K. (2013). Patterns and correlates of “missed nursing care” in inpatient oncology units. Cancer Nursing, 36, E51-E57. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed PubMed | ||
| [20] | Moreno-Monsiváis M, Moreno-Rodríguez C, Interial-Guzmán M. (2015). Missed Nursing Care in Hospitalized Patients. Aquichan, 15(3): 318-328. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [21] | Papastavrou P, Vryonides S, Charalambous A, & Merkouris A. (2015). Missed Nursing care as related to ethical climate: a pilot study.. 1st International ICE Observatory Future of Ethics in Care and 16th Nursing Ethics Conference. July 17-18, 2015. The University of Surrey, Guildford, UK. | ||
| In article | |||
| [22] | Chapman R., Courtney M., &Chalmers C. (2017). Impact of teamwork on missed care in four Australian Hospitals. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26, 170-181. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [23] | Saqer T, & AbuAlRub R, ( 2018). Missed Nursing Care and its Relationship with Confidence in Delegation among Hospital Nurses. Journal of clinical nursing. 27(13-14): 2887-2895. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [24] | Alba-Leonel A, Papaqui-Hernández J, Zarza-Arizmendi M, Fajardo-Ortiz G. (2011). Errores de enfermería en la atención hospitalaria. Rev Enferm Inst Mex Seguro Soc; 19(3): 149-54. | ||
| In article | |||
| [25] | Mahmood A, Chaudhury H, & Valente M. (2011). Nurses' perceptions of how physical environment affects medication errors in acute care settings Applied Nursing Research 24 (2011) 229-237. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [26] | Kalisch B, Tschannen D, Lee H, Friese C. (2011a). Hospital Variation in Missed Nursing Care. AM J Med Qual 2011; 26 (4): 291-299. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed PubMed | ||
| [27] | White M, Wells J.& Butterworth T. (2014). The productive ward: releasing time to care – what we can learn from the literature for implementation. Journal of Nursing Management 22, 914-923. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [28] | Diab G. & Ahmed F., (2015). Nurses' perceptions of teamwork climate in hospital: the impact on patient safety climate. International Journal of Current Research, 7(2); 12553-12561. | ||
| In article | |||
| [29] | Bragadóttir, H. & Kalisch, P. (2017). Correlates and predictors of “missed nursing care” in hospitals. Journal of Clinical Nursing. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [30] | Phelan A, McCarthy S, Adams E. (2018). Examining missed care in community nursing: A cross section survey design. Journal Advanced Nursing.; 74: 626–636. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [31] | Castner J. (2012). A multi level model of missed nursing care in the context of hospital merger. Published Doctorate thesis, The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, pp. 9-15. | ||
| In article | |||
| [32] | Kalisch B, Tschannen D, Lee K. (2011b). Do Staffing Levels Predict Missed Nursing Care? International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 23(3), 302-08. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [33] | Ball, E., Curtis, L., Aiken, H., Sermeus, W., Sloane, M., Rafferty, A., Lindqvist, R., Tishelman, C., Griffiths, P., RN4Cast Consortium, (2018). Post-operative mortality, missed care and nurse staffing in nine countries:a cross sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies. Feb; 78: 10-15. | ||
| In article | |||
| [34] | Ball, J., Greiffiths, P. Rafferty, A., Lindqvist, R., Murrells, T. &Tishelman, C. (2016). A cross-sectional study of ‘care left undone’ on nursing shifts in hospitals. Journal of Advanced Nursing 72(9), 2086-2097. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [35] | Russell, K. (2016). Perceptions of burnout, its prevention, and its effect on patient care as described by oncology nurses in the hospital setting. Oncology Nursing Forum, 43(1), 103-109. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [36] | Bekker, M., Coetzee, S., Klopper, H. & Ellis, S. (2015). Non-nursing tasks, nursing tasks left undone and job satisfaction among professional nurses in South African hospitals. Journal of Nursing Management, 23, 1115-1125. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [37] | Hessels. A, Flynn. L, Jeannie P. Cimiotti 3, Edna Cadmus H., & Gershon R. (2015). The Impact of the Nursing Practice Environment on Missed Nursing Care. Clin Nurs Stud. 3(4): 60-65. | ||
| In article | |||
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
.){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}