Some Fixed Point Theorems and Cyclic Contractions in Dislocated and Dislocated Quasi-Metric Spaces
Kastriot Zoto1,
, Panda Sumati Kumari2, Elida Hoxha3
1Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Gjirokastra, Gjirokastra, Albania
2KL University, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India
3Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Albania
Abstract
In this paper, we established some common fixed point theorems for types of cyclic contractions in the setting of dislocated metric spaces. Using type of contraction introduced by Geraghty [19] and a class of continuous functions G3 in [10] we extend, generalize and unify some results in the existing literature.
Keywords: cyclic map, cyclical contraction, dislocated quasi-metric, common fixed point
American Journal of Numerical Analysis, 2014 2 (3),
pp 79-84.
DOI: 10.12691/ajna-2-3-3
Received March 12, 2014; Revised March 22, 2014; Accepted March 23, 2014
Copyright © 2013 Science and Education Publishing. All Rights Reserved.Cite this article:
- Zoto, Kastriot, Panda Sumati Kumari, and Elida Hoxha. "Some Fixed Point Theorems and Cyclic Contractions in Dislocated and Dislocated Quasi-Metric Spaces." American Journal of Numerical Analysis 2.3 (2014): 79-84.
- Zoto, K. , Kumari, P. S. , & Hoxha, E. (2014). Some Fixed Point Theorems and Cyclic Contractions in Dislocated and Dislocated Quasi-Metric Spaces. American Journal of Numerical Analysis, 2(3), 79-84.
- Zoto, Kastriot, Panda Sumati Kumari, and Elida Hoxha. "Some Fixed Point Theorems and Cyclic Contractions in Dislocated and Dislocated Quasi-Metric Spaces." American Journal of Numerical Analysis 2, no. 3 (2014): 79-84.
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1. Introduction
Notion of dislocated metric spaces was introduced by Hitzler and Seda in 2000 as a generalization of metric space. They generalized the Banach Contraction Principle in such spaces. These metrics play a very important role not only in topology but also in other branches of science involving mathematics especially in logic programming and electronic engineering. Fixed point theory has been a subject of growing interest of many researchers for various types of well known contractions in these spaces.In 2003 Kirk et al [18] introduced cyclic contractions in metric spaces and investigated the existence of proximity points and fixed points for cyclic contraction mappings, Since then many authors has given results in this field.
In this paper we introduced the notion of Geraghty type
- cyclic contraction and derive the existence of common fixed point theorems in the framework of dislocated metric spaces. Our main theorem extends and unifies existing results in the recent literature.
Definition 1.1 [12, 20] Let
be a non-empty and let
be a function, called a distance function if for all
, satisfies:
![]() |
If d satisfies the condition
, then d is called a metric on
. If it satisfies the conditions
,
and
it is called a quasi-metric space. If d satisfies conditions
,
and
it is called a dislocated metric (or simply d-metric). If d satisfies only
and
then d is called a dislocated quasi-metric (or simply dq-metric) on
.
Definition 1.2 [20] A sequence
in a
-metric space
dislocated quasi-converges ( for short,
-converges ) to
if
. In this case
is called a
-limit of
and we write xn →x.
Definition 1.3 [20] A sequence
in a
-metric space
is said to be Cauchy if for every
,
such that
,
and
.
Definition 1.4 [20] A
-metric space
is complete if every Cauchy sequence in it is
-convergent in
.
Example 1.5 Let
and
. Then the pair
is a dislocated metric space, but it is not a metric space.
Lemma 1.6 [20] Every subsequence of
-convergent sequence to a point
is
-convergent to
.
Definition 1.7 [20] Let
be a
-metric space. A mapping
is called contraction if there exists
such that:
for all
.
Lemma 1.8 [20]
-limit in a
-metric space is unique.
Definition 1.9 [7] Let
and
be nonempty subsets of a metric space
and
.
is called a cyclic map iff
and
.
Definition 1.10 [18] Let
and
be nonempty subsets of a metric space
. A cyclic map
is said to be a cyclic contraction if there exists
such that
for all
and
.
Definition 1.11[4] Let
and
be nonempty subsets of a metric space
. A cyclic map
is called a Kannan type cyclic contraction if there exists
such that
for all
and
.
In [4] Karapinar et al has been shown that Kannan type cyclic contraction and cyclic contraction are independent of each other.
Definition 1.12 [4] Let
and
be nonempty subsets of a metric space
. A cyclic map
is called a Chatterjee type cyclic contraction if there exist k ∈ (0, 1/2) such that
for all
and
.
Definition 1.13 [18] Let
and
be nonempty subsets of a dislocated metric space
. A cyclic map
is called a
-cyclic contraction if there exists
such that
for all
and
.
Example 1.14 Let
and
. Then,
is a dislocated metric space, but not a metric space. Let
and define
by
for
and
for
. Then
is a
-cyclic contraction in the dislocated metric space
. We note that in the usual metric
the self map
is not cyclical contraction because for
and
the cyclic contraction fails.
Hence the class of d- cyclical contraction in dislocated metric space is larger than the class of cyclical contraction in usual metric.
2. Main Results
Theorem 2.1 Let
and
be nonempty subsets of a complete dislocated quasi-metric space
. Let
be a cyclic mapping that satisfies the condition
![]() | (1) |
for all
and
and
.
Then,
has a unique fixed point in
.
Proof. Taking a point
(fix) and using contractive condition of theorem, we have
![]() |
In the same way we have,
![]() |
If we put
, then from two inequalities above we have,
![]() | (2) |
![]() | (3) |
Using (2) and (3) we get,
and
.
Inductively, using this process for all
we have
and
for all
.
Let
with
, using the triangular inequality, we obtain:
![]() |
Since
,
as
, we get
. Thus
is a Cauchy sequence.
Since
is complete, we have
-converges to some
.We note, that
is a sequence in
and
is a sequence in
in a way that both sequences tend to same limit
.
Since
and
are closed have that
. Hence
.
We claim that
.
Considering the condition (1) we have:
![]() |
Taking limit as
in above inequality, we have
![]() |
This implies that
since
.
Similarly considering (1) have,
![]() |
Taking limit as
and since
, we obtain
.
Hence
and
is a fixed point of
.
We shall prove that
is the unique fixed point of
. Clearly from (1) if u and v be fixed points of
we have
.
Then we have,
![]() |
Since
this implies
. Hence the proof is completed.
For following theorem we denotes with
the class of those real functions
that satisfy the condition
implies
. Examples of those functions exist in the corresponding literature. Using this class of functions we give this definition in the framework of dislocated metric spaces.
Definition. Let
and
be nonempty subsets of a dislocated quasi-metric space
. A cyclic map
is called a Geraghty type
-cyclic contraction if there exists
such that
for all
and
.
Theorem 2.2 Let
and
be nonempty closed subsets of a dislocated metric space
and
be a cyclic mapping that satisfies the Geraghty type condition:
![]() | (4) |
for all
and
where
.
Then
has a unique fixed point in
.
Proof. Fix a point
. If
for some
, then
and so
converges to some
. Suppose
. Using condition (4) we have:
![]() |
Also we have
![]() |
Inductively in general we have
. Thus the sequence
is decreasing and bounded from below, thus it converges to some
If we suppose that
, then from (4) have
![]() |
Taking limit as
, we get
![]() |
By property of
follows that
. In a similar way we obtain
So our supposition fail from this contradiction. Hence
. To proceed further we define
then
for all
. Using the main condition of theorem we obtain:
![]() |
Similarly,
![]() |
As a result get
.
Thus in general we get
for
with
, using the triangular inequality, we obtain:
![]() |
Since
,
as
, we get
. This proves that
is a Cauchy sequence. Since
is complete, we have
-converges to some
. Note that
is a sequence in
and
is a sequence in
in a way that both sequences tend to same limit
.
Considering the condition (4) we have:
![]() |
Taking limit as
in above inequality, we have
and in similar have
as a result
.
Uniqueness: Let u and v be two fixed points of
.
Then:
![]() |
![]() |
from those inequalities we get
and also, by property
have
.
Example 3.3 Let
and
be given as
. Let
. Define the function
by
. The function
defined as
, for
and
. We note that
is a dislocated metric on
and the map
is cyclic on
and
.
Considering all cases and general cases if
for all
we have, 
![]() |
Clearly all conditions of theorem 3.2 are satisfied and
is the unique fixed point of
.
For the following theorems and corollaries we consider the set
of all continuous functions
[some examples for these functions see in 10] with the following properties:
a).
is non-decreasing in respect to each variable.
b).
, for
.
Theorem 2.4 Let
and
be nonempty closed subsets of a dislocated quasi-metric space
and
be a cyclic mapping that satisfies the following condition:
![]() | (5) |
for all
and
, and
, where
.
Then
has a unique fixed point in
.
Proof. Let
be a fixed point in
. By condition (5) and properties of
we have:
![]() |
Similarly we have
![]() |
Generally from the above inequalities have:
![]() |
for
.
Since
we obtain for
that
. In the same way we can show that
.
Easily as in the above theorems we can show that the sequence
is a Cauchy sequence in complete dislocated metric space
. So there exists
such that
dislocated quasi converges to
. Note that,
is a sequence in
and
is a sequence in
in a way that both sequences tend to same limit
. For proving that z is a fixed point of
we use again the contractive condition (5),
![]() |
In this inequality passing in limit as
and since
is non decreasing and continuous we get,
and since
we obtain
. Again from (5) get
. As a result
.
Uniqueness Let suppose that
and
are two fixed points of
where
and
.
From condition of theorem we have,
![]() | (6) |
If we replace
in (6) then we obtain,
![]() |
Thus from
and since
, we get
. Similarly we have that
. Therefore using condition (5) we have:
![]() |
And also,
![]() |
So from this inequality we have
and property
implies
. Hence fixed point is unique.
Example 2.5 Let
and
be given as
. Let
and
. Define the function
by
. We note that
is a dislocated quasi-metric on
and the map
is cyclic on
.
If we consider from
the function
we see:
![]() |
Then clearly have,
![]() |
So for constant
the map
satisfies the condition (5) of theorem 3.4 and
is the unique fixed point of
.
From general character of theorem 3.4 we can give many corollaries as follows using functions
![]() |
![]() |
Corollary 2.6 Let
and
be nonempty closed subsets of a dislocated quasi-metric space
and
be a cyclic mapping that satisfies the following condition:
![]() |
for all
and
, and
.
Then
has a unique fixed point in
.
Corollary 2.7 Let
and
be nonempty closed subsets of a dislocated quasi-metric space
and
be a cyclic mapping that satisfies the following condition:
![]() |
for all
and
, and
.
Then
has a unique fixed point in
.
Corollary 2.8 Let
and
be nonempty closed subsets of a dislocated quasi-metric space
and
be a cyclic mapping that satisfies the following condition:
![]() |
for all
and
, and
.
Then
has a unique fixed point in
.
Further as common applications of fixed point theorems we are giving some corollaries for cyclic maps for integral type contraction. (taking
)
Corollary 2.9 Let
be a complete dislocated quasi-metric space and
be a mapping such that for any
,
![]() |
where the function
, the constant
and
is Lesbegue-integrable mapping satisfying
for
. Then,
has a unique fixed point in
.
Remark 2.10 Our Theorem 3.4 generalizes and unifies results for Kannan type cyclic contraction, Chatterjea cyclic contraction, C cyclical contraction, Zamfirescu contraction and some existing results in dislocated-metric spaces [2, 3, 10, 11, 15]. Statements of many theorems and results can be obtained by taking
.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the referees, who have made valuable comments and suggestions which have improved the manuscript.
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