1. Introduction

Physiological changes that occur during exposure to weightlessness may induce alterations in blood flow to the liver. Estimation of hepatic blood flow using ground-based weightlessness models may provide insight into functional changes of the liver in crewmembers during flight. In the future study, Hepatic Blood Flow indirectly evaluated by indo cyanine gree clearance, is compared in this area during the normal ambulatory condition and anti orthostatic bed rest.

The fluid is plasma, which itself is a complex mixture of proteins other intergradient in an aqueous base. If the hemoglobin is known, two phase Hepatic blood flow is a study of measuring the blood pressure. The hematocrit is the fraction of the blood composed of red blood cells, as determined by centrifuging blood in a hematocrit tube until the cells become tightly packed in the bottom of the tube. It is impossible to completely pack the red cells together therefore, about 3 to 4 per cent of the plasma remains entrapped among the cells, and the true hematocrit is only about 96 per cent of the measured hematocrit. Hematocrit is three times of hemoglobin concentration. Hepatitis A virus was first characterized in 1973 when scientists detected the virus in stools from human volunteers who were infected with Hepatitis A virus. The second epidemiologic pattern is seen in industrialized countries, where the prevalence of Hepatitis A virus infection is low among children and young adults. A different antibody persists long-term after the infection has cleared. This antibody keeps you immune from future infection. A blood test can detect this second antibody which shows if you have had hepatitis A in the past, and that you are now immune. If hepatitis A is suspected, your doctor may also suggest other blood tests called liver function tests. This measure the activity of chemicals (enzymes) and other substances made in the liver. The liver is the largest gland in body, contributing about 2 per cent of the total body weight, or about 1.5 kg on the average adult human being. The basic functional unit of the liver is the liver lobule, which is a cylindrical structure several millimeters in length and 0.8 to 2 millimeters in diameter. The human liver contains 50,000 to 100, 000 individual lobules.

Figure 1. Basic structure of a liver lobule

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The liver performs many different functions including (1) filtration and storage of food; (2) metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, hormones, and foreign chemicals; (3) formation of bile; (4) storage of vitamins and iron; and (5) formation of coagulation factors. It is a discrete organ and its various functions interrelate with another. This becomes especially evident in abnormalities of the liver, because various its functions are disturbed simultaneously. Kumar (2011) studied performance and analysis of blood flow through carotid artery.

2. Equation of Continuity for Two Phase Blood Flow

The blood flow is affected by the presence of blood cells. This effect is directly proportional to the volume occupied by blood cells. Let the volume portion covered by blood cells in unit volume be , this is replaced by , where is the Hematocrit the volume percentage of blood cells. Then the volume portion covered by the plasma will be (). The mass ratio of blood cells to plasma is given below:

(1)

where and are densities of blood cells and blood plasma respectively. Usually this mass ratio is not constant, even then it may be supposed to constant in present context [Singh and Upadhayay (1986)].

The both phase of blood, i.e. blood cells and plasma move with the common velocity. Campbell and Pitcher has presented a model for two phase of blood separately (1958). The equation of continuity for two phases according to the principle of conservation of mass are as given below [Kapur and Gupta 1963].

(2)

and

(3)

where, is the common velocity of two phase blood cells and plasma. If we define the uniform density of the blood as follow

(4)

From equation (2)and(3) we can written as,

(5)

3. Equation of Motion for Two Phase Blood Flow

According to [Ruch and Patten (1973)] the hydro dynamical pressure between the two phases of blood can be supposed to be uniform because the both phases i.e. blood cells and plasma are always in equilibrium state in blood (1973). Here viscosity coefficient of blood cells to be and applying the principle of conservation of momentum, we get the equation of motion for the phase of blood cells as given below:

(6)

The equation of motion for plasma will be as follows:

(7)

Now adding equation (6) and (7) and using relation (4), the equation of motion for blood flow with the both phases will be as follows:

(8)

where is the viscosity coefficient of blood as a mixture of two phases.

Figure 2. Liver Supply for Hepatic portal Vein and arteries

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4. Mathematical Model

In the present communication of the velocity of blood flow decreases, the viscosity of blood increases. The velocity of blood decreases successively. The Herschel Bulkley law hold good on the two phase blood flow through veins arterioles, veinules and whose constitutive equation is as follows [18]:

and where, is the yield stress.

When strain a core region is formed which is flows just like a plug. Let the radius of the plug be .The stress acting on the surface of plug will be . Equating the forces acting on the plug, we get,

(9)

Figure 3. Geometical structure of Herschel Bulkley blood flow model

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The Constitutive equation for test part of the blood vessel is given by

where, =effective stress, whose generalized form are given below:

where, while

Now we describe the basic equations for Herschel Bulkley blood flow as follows:

The equation of Continuity is given below:

(10)

The equation of motion is:

(11)

Where all the symbols have their usual meanings, since, the blood vessels are cylindrical; the above governing equations have to be transformed into cylindrical co-ordinates.

As we know, Matrix of metric tensor in cylindrical co-ordinates is and matrix of conjugate metric tensor is whereas the Chritoffel’s symbols of 2^nd kind are as follows:

Remaining others are zero.

The governing tensorial equations can be transformed into cylindrical forms which are as follows:

The equation of continuity are given below

The equation of motion- r-component: -component =0 and z-component: .

Here, this fact has been taken in view that the blood flow in axially symmetric in arteries concerned, i.e. and and p do not depend upon .

We get and and

(12)

And the pressure gradient

we apply boundary condition: at then .

Or , Replace from

(13)

Integrating above equation (13) under the no slip boundary condition: at we get:

(14)

This is the formula for velocity of blood flow in arterioles, veinules and veins. Putting to get the velocity of plug flow are given by,

(15)

Where the value of is taken from equation (7), we have.

5. Results

Observations : SHARDA HOSPITAL GR. NOIDA

Patient Name:Mr Paritosh Kumar (ID20142290473).

Diagnosis: Dr Mamta Kumari

The flow flux of two phased blood flow in arterioles, veinules and veins is given below:

Using (13) and (15), we get

(16)

6. Conclusion

A simple survey of the table between blood pressure and Hematocrit in Hepatitis A patient depicts that when Hematocrit increased, Blood pressure is also increased, therefore the Hematocrit is proportional to the blood pressure. If this would have been possible to get blood Pressure on the particular tissue (Liver) during operation of Hepatitis A patient then the relation between blood pressure and hemoglobin has been measured more accurately. Infection with hepatitis A virus can cause an unpleasant illness, but most people fully recover. Some people have no symptoms at all. Symptoms include flu-like symptoms and yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice) which then gradually clear without treatment. Serious problems are very rare.

Acknowledgement

We are thankful and sincere to Dr Mamta Kumari Sharada Hospital Greater Noida UP India for the data are provided to me. Also, the corresponding authors are thankful to the learned referees for their fruitful suggestions for improving the presentation of this work.

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