Figure 3. Case 4 taper in the x-y planes and x-z planes. RHo and RVo are the radii in the horizontal and vertical directions respectively at the base of the tree branch. is the angle of taper in the horizontal direction. β is the angle of taper in the vertical direction

From

Mechanical Stress Analysis of Tree Branches

Zahra Shahbazi, Allison Kaminski, Lance Evans

American Journal of Mechanical Engineering. 2015, 3(2), 32-40 doi:10.12691/ajme-3-2-1