Figure 3. The modulation of the expression of various NF-κB subunits in the hippocampus in response to ICV ET/PAT. (A), (B) Varying concentrations of PAT (1 – 25μg; ICV) were introduced stereotaxically 30 minutes before ICV injection of ET (1μg; 45 minutes). ET (Lanes-1 and 2) upregulated the nuclear translocation of NF-κB₁ (p50), RelA (p65), RelB (p68), c-Rel (p75) and, to a lesser extent, NF-κB₂ (p52) in the hippocampus (HC). The protein expression of NF-κB₂ (p52) and RelB (p68) was mild as compared with other NF-κB subunits, with prominent expression of p65. PAT (1 – 25 μg; ICV) alone (Lanes-3-5) showed faint constitutive or no expression of NF-κB₁ (p50), NF-κB₂ (p52) and RelB (p68), as compared with ET. The inductive effect of ET is ameliorated and attenuated with PAT, particularly at concentrations ≥ 1μg, with prominent effects on p65 subunit. β-Actin standard was used as an internal reference for semi-quantitative loading in parallel lanes for each variable. n = 3 – 5, which represents the number of independent experiments in separate animals

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The Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Activity of Thymulin Peptide is NF-κB-Dependent and Involves the Downregulation of IκB-α

John J. Haddad, Lama H. Hanbali

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