Figure 1. The expression of various NF-κB subunits in the hippocampus in response to ICV ET. Varying concentrations of thymulin (0.1 – 5μg; ICV) were introduced stereotypically 30 minutes before ICV injection of ET (1μg; 45 minutes). ET (Lane-3) upregulated the nuclear translocation of NF-κB₁ (p50), NF-κB₂ (p52), RelA (p65), RelB (p68) and c-Rel (p75) in the hippocampus (HC). The protein expression of NF-κB₁ (p50) and NF-κB₂ (p52) was mild as compared with other NF-κB subunits, with prominent expression of p65. Thymulin (5 μg; ICV) alone (Lane-2) or control (Lane-1) that received no injections showed faint constitutive or no expression, respectively, as compared with ET. The inductive effect of ET is ameliorated and attenuated with thymulin, particularly at concentrations ≥ 1 μg (Lanes-4, 5 and 6), with prominent effects on p52, p65 and p75 subunits. β-Actin standard was used as an internal reference for semi-quantitative loading in parallel lanes for each variable. n = 3 – 5, which represents the number of independent experiments in separate animals

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The Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Activity of Thymulin Peptide is NF-κB-Dependent and Involves the Downregulation of IκB-α

John J. Haddad, Lama H. Hanbali

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