Taking synthetic galactogenic compounds and nutritional supplements stimulate milk production. This work aims to study the galactogenic effect of tigernut tubers (Cyperus esculentus) on laboratory rats. For this study three types of diets were developed. The standard diet consists of corn flour, fish, olive oil, vitamin and mineral salts. The standard diet supplemented with yellow tigernut flour and the standard diet supplemented with black tigernut flour. The proportions of carbohydrates and lipids in the diets were obtained by calculation. Corn starch was the main source of carbohydrates in the control diet. Fifty pregnant rats were divided into 5 groups according to the diet given during lactation. During lactation, weight and consumption of mothers and litters were monitored. Blood samples were taken from breastfed young rats and lactating rats on the 17th and 25th day of lactation. Assays of plasma concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol were carried out in lactating rats and young rats breastfed by these rats from the different groups on days 17 and 25. Prolactin and estrogen levels were measured in lactating rats from the different diets. These different measurements were carried out according to standard and referenced methods. The main results showed a reduction in the weight of lactating rats in all groups. Also, the young rats breastfed on the milk of mothers fed with yellow and black tigernut recorded a significant weight gain. The prolactin levels of lactating rats fed tigernuts were practically elevated compared to control lactating rats. The compounds present in tigernuts have galactogenic effects. tigernuts therefore represent an alternative solution for mothers with real difficulties in breastfeeding.
Child malnutrition constitutes a major health problem worldwide 1. West and Central Africa are areas severely affected by this scourge. Malnutrition can occur at different stages of a child’s life. But very often, it appears during the breastfeeding period, which constitutes a crucial stage of its development 2. Breast milk remains the best food source free of anti-nutritional factors to which the infant should have access during its first six months. The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding until the age of 6 months due to recognized health benefits, both for the baby in the short and long term, but also for the mother 3. Research has already shown that the risk of death during the first six months of infants is very low for those adequately fed with breast milk. Breast milk helps save and protect the infant but also contributes to their physical and mental health during and after childhood. It contributes to the healthy growth of the newborn 4, 5. Previous studies have shown that in breastfed infants, exclusive breast milk reduces the incidence of multiple infectious diseases 6. In addition, breast milk improves intelligence 7, reduces the risk of overweight, obesity, diabetes during childhood and adulthood 8. Breastfeeding leads to a physiological adaptation that has direct effects on the health of the breastfeeding mother. It also offers the mother protection against breast cancer before menopause.
Despite multiple WHO initiatives, the prevalence of breastfeeding remains low globally. Only 40% of infants are exclusively breastfed in low-income countries 9. In West Africa, the high mortality rate among children is partly due to insufficient milk in breastfeeding mothers 2. One of the reasons for early cessation of breastfeeding is biological, such as stress, fatigue, cesarean delivery 10. Hypogalactia remains the main constraint to breastfeeding in developing countries, particularly in rural areas where breast milk is the main food for infants 11. To compensate for this, taking synthetic galactogenic compounds and nutritional supplements 12, stimulating milk production, represents an alternative solution for mothers with real difficulties in breastfeeding 10.
Unfortunately, these products, in addition to their high costs and (out of reach) of households, cause side effects on the health of the mother and child 13. However, the quality and quantity of breast milk are the result of many factors, mainly diet. Therefore, the identification of foods, plants and herbs that promote galactogenicity is of paramount importance especially in developing countries where access to these dietary supplements is very limited.
In Côte d’Ivoire, ethnobotanical surveys carried out mention the use of tigernut tubers Cyperus esculentus among plants with galactogenic power 14. It is mainly grown for commercial products and medical equipment. 12. Tigernuts tubers can be processed into alcoholic or soft drinks, juices, oils and soaps 15, 16. In addition to its dietary properties, it is used by some African people to treat certain pathologies (lethargy, indigestion, diarrhea, sexual infertility and excessive silkiness 17.
Cyperus esculentus, in view of its numerous virtues (food, therapeutic, medicinal) is a plant little known for its breastfeeding benefits. Cyperus esculentus tubers grown in the north-east of Côte d’Ivoire, according to rural populations, play a vital role in breastfeeding.
The present study aims to study the galactogenic effect of tigernut tubers (Cyperus esculentus) on laboratory rats.
Seeds (Cyperus esculentus L.) varieties used in this research were provided from Bondoukou and Dabakala areas (Côte d’Ivoire). Two major varieties of tigernut (black and yellow) were used. Tigernuts were fully matured and freshly harvested. They were cleaned of adhering earth material, washed in clean potable water, and transported to the laboratory for analysis.
2.2. MethodsSeeds (Cyperus esculentus L.) varieties used in this research were provided from Bondoukou and Dabakala areas (Côte d’Ivoire). Two major varieties of tigernut (black and yellow) were used. Tigernuts were fully matured and freshly harvested. They were cleaned of adhering earth material, washed in clean potable water, and transported to the laboratory for analysis.
Three types of diets were developed for this study. This is diet 1: standard diet composed of corn flour, fish, olive oil, vitamin and mineral salts, diet 2: diet consisting of the standard diet supplemented with yellow tigernut flour and diet 3: diet consisting of the standard diet supplemented with black tigernut flour.
The proportions of carbohydrates and lipids in the diets were obtained by calculation. Corn starch was the main source of carbohydrates in the control diet. Olive oil was used in the formulation of the control diet for its contribution of lipids and essential fatty acids. Fishmeal represents the protein source of the control diet. The vitamin and mineral mixture was prepared according to the instructions of Pawlak et al. 18
Fifty (50) eight-week-old nulliparous rats weighing between 150 g and 180 g are mated to nine-week-old male rats, at the rate of three rats for one male rat. Once a rat was pregnant, it was immediately isolated in an individual cage until parturition (on average 21 to 22 days). After giving birth, each rat breastfeeds 6 young rats.
Thus, 50 rats were divided into 5 groups according to the diet given during lactation.
During lactation, weight and consumption of mothers and litters were monitored. Blood samples were taken from breastfed pups and lactating rats on the 17th and 25th day of lactation. On these different dates, the animals were put under 20% ethyl urethane anesthesia before the various samples.
Assays of plasma concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol were carried out in lactating rats and lactating pups from lactating rats from the different batches on days 17 and 25. Prolactin and estrogen levels were measured in lactating rats from the different diets. These different measurements were carried out according to standard and referenced methods.
The flour is made from corn, fish, tigernuts, olive oil and enriched with vitamins and minerals. This flour was developed using a formulation system assisted by Excel software, using a calculation system based on the matrix formulation method. From a list of food ingredients, this method makes it possible to find the solution leading to covering at least the needs of two nutrients with at least two ingredients 19, 20. Thus, the daily requirements of a lactating rat are 35g/day and must contain 25% protein, 9% fat and 2.5% crude fiber, 6.5% raw ash, 11% moisture and 46 % carbohydrates 21.
From day 1 to day 25, a decrease in the weight of lactating rats was observed in all groups (Figure 1). The lactating rats having received the yellow and black tigernuts had a low weight loss with very significant values (p˂0.01) compared to the control lactating rats. On the other hand, lactating control rats had a very notable weight loss with very significant differences (p˂0.001) on days 17 and 25 of lactation.
The weight gain of lactating rats fed with yellow tigernut increased from -0.033±0.009 on day 17 to -0.011±0.006 on day 25. The same observations were made on lactating rats fed with black tigernut. They obtained a weight gain of 0.011 g from day 17 to day 20 (Table 1).
From day 1 to day 25 of lactation, compared to the control group, the young rats having received tigernuts via maternal milk had a weight that increased significantly (p˂0.05) (Figure 2). The weight gains of young rats from lactating mothers fed the standard diet were 134.6±3.65 g and 149.6±1.56 g on days 17 and 25 respectively. These weight gains were significantly lower to young rats whose mothers were fed yellow tigernut (p˂0.05) and black tigernut (p˂0.01). The weight gains of young rats from lactating mothers fed yellow tigernut were 157.6±12.47 g and 186.4±11.65 g respectively on day 17 and 25. As for those of young rats from lactating mothers on black tigernut, the weight gains are 165.8±2.9 g and 213.6±4.22 g respectively on day 17 and 25. The gains weight of young rats from lactating mothers with black tigernut are raised by lactating mothers with yellow tigernut, however no significance (p˃0.05) was observed between the different weight gains of these two groups of young rats. From day 17 to day 25, young rats from mothers fed yellow and black tigernut recorded a significant gain (p˂0.05) in weight of 38.8 g and 47 g respectively, unlike young rats from control lactating mothers who record 15 g (Table 2).
Blood glucose levels of lactating rats were 0.88±0.02 g/L, 0.76±0.01 g/L and 0.77±0.02 g/L on day 17 and 0.85±0.03 g/L, 0.76±0.02 g/L and 0.78±0.02 g/L on day 25 respectively for lactating rats fed with standard food, lactating rats fed yellow tigernut and black tigernut (Table 3). Statistical analysis of the blood sugar levels of lactating rats showed no significant difference (p˃0.05) between control lactating rats and lactating rats fed with yellow and black tigernut.
The blood glucose levels of male young rats were 0.88±0.03 g/L, 0.87±0.02 g/L and 0.84±0.02 g/L and of female young rats were 0.87±0. .03 g/L, 0.85±0.03 g/L and 0.82±0.02 g/L respectively for young rats from lactating rats fed with the food standard, yellow tigernut and black tigernut. The statistical analysis of the blood sugar levels of the young rats showed no significant difference (p˃0.05) between the young rats from control lactating rats and lactating rats fed with yellow and black tigernut.
The concentrations of triglycerides and total cholesterol of control lactating rats and those fed tigernuts did not experience significant variation (p˃0.05) at the different dates (17th and 25th day) (Table 4). However, significant differences (p˂0.05) in lactating rats were observed in the concentrations of LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. After 17 days of lactation, the HDL cholesterol concentrations of lactating rats fed yellow tigernut (0.62±0.005 g/L) and black tigernut (0.69±0.18 g/L) were significantly elevated (p ˂0.05) compared to lactating rats fed standard food (0.46±0.02). At the end of the experiment (day 25), the LDL concentrations of lactating rats subjected to the yellow and black tigernut diet (0.85±0.01 g/L, 0.88±0.01 g/L respectively) were lower than control rats. Similarly, HDL cholesterol concentrations of lactating rats fed the yellow and black tigernut diets (0.68±0.02 g/L, 0.66±0.02 g/L) were significantly elevated compared to lactating rats. subject to the standard regime.
The triglyceride concentrations of young rats from control lactating rats and those fed tigernuts did not experience significant variation (p˃0.05) in the different cases as in the case of lactating rats (Table 5). However, significant differences (p˂0.05) in the young rats were observed in the concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. The cholesterol concentrations of young rats fed with yellow and black tigernut on day 17 (0.72±0.01 g/L, 0.7±0.01 g/L respectively) and 25 (0.71±0.01 g/L, 0.70±0.01 g/L) were significantly elevated compared to young rats from control rats (0.41±0.01 g/L). Statistical analyzes also revealed that the cholesterol levels of young rats from lactating mothers subjected to the yellow and black tigernut diet (1.85±0.03 g/L, 1.79±0.04 g/L respectively) as well as LDL concentrations (0.84±0.02g/L, 0.81±0.03 g/L respectively) were significantly lower than those of young rats from control rats (1.14±0.03 g/L).
The blood prolactin concentrations of lactating rats subjected to the different diets are recorded in Table 6. The prolactin concentration of lactating rats subjected to yellow tigernuts diets were 29.46±0.17 ng/mL (day 17) and 17.716±0.15 ng/mL (day 25). Those of lactating rats fed the black tigernut diet were 29.01±0.07 ng/mL (day 17) and 17.49±0.16 ng/mL (day 25). Statistical analysis showed that the prolactin concentrations of lactating rats subjected to the tigernut diets were very significant (p˂0.001) compared to the prolactin concentrations of lactating rats subjected to the standard diet (22.93±0.69 ng/mL, 13.83±0.46 ng/mL on day 17 and 25 respectively). A significant decrease (p˂0.001) of prolactin in lactating rats was observed from day 17 to day 25. Thus, prolactin concentrations were reduced by 9.1 ng/mL, 11.74 ng/mL and 11.71 ng/mL respectively for control lactating rats and those subjected to the yellow tigernut and black tigernut diets.
The estrogen concentrations of lactating rats subjected to the standard diet (Control) and those of lactating rats subjected to the different diets of yellow tigernut and black tigernut are of the order of 150 pg/mL (Table 6). No significant variation (p˃0.05) in estrogen concentration was observed during the two dosages in lactating rats on the 17th and 25th day of lactation. Also, the statistical analysis does not reveal a significant difference (p˃0.05) between the estrogen concentrations of control lactating rats and lactating rats subjected to tigernut diets.
The work carried out by Ndiaye et al. 22 showed that breastfeeding is essential for the growth and development of infants. It is therefore to compensate for the disadvantages of insufficient breastfeeding that tigernut is used by rural populations for its galactogenic properties. This study was carried out to verify the impact of the consumption of tigernuts (yellow and black) on physical, biochemical and hormonal parameters in lactating rats and their breastfed young rats. The results showed that breastfeeding is an important factor in weight loss in breastfeeding individuals. The work of Kramer et al. 23, revealed that breastfeeding mothers lose 3.6% of their hip circumference compared to 0.7% for non-breastfeeding mothers. Thus, breastfeeding generally leads to a reduction in adipose tissue mass of up to 2 kg in breastfeeding women for 6 months, despite a significant increase in food consumption 24. This weight loss would be linked to the enormous energy expenditure of the breastfeeding mother. In addition, it is estimated that the energy value of breastfeeding is 595 kcal/d between 0 and 2 months postpartum, and 670 kcal/d between 3 and 6 months 25. This situation leads to a strong mobilization of the mother's reserve fats (mainly lipids), thus leading to weight loss. Furthermore, according to Michele and David 26 the free fatty acid/triglyceride ratio can be used as an index of lipid retention in the liver, reflecting disturbances in fat metabolism and causing irreversible fatty breakdown of the liver. The results observed in lactating rats fed tigernuts show reserves of carbohydrates and lipids.
The results of this study carried out on rat pups showed a weight gain in breastfed rat pups from lactating rats subjected to tigernut diets. This weight gain results from the quantity and quality of milk made available to them by breastfeeding mothers fed with tigernuts. Indeed, according to WHO/UNICEF 27, infant weight gain is an indicator of the quantity and quality of milk produced by the mother. These results show that yellow and black tigernuts induce galactogenic activities. The rat's energy requirements are between 500 and 800 kcal/kg/day 28. During lactation, young rats experience very rapid development and growth 29. Furthermore, milk contains high concentrations of carbohydrates and especially lipids (37 g/L), present mainly in the form of triglycerides (˃98%). The weight gain of young suckled rats by lactating rats subjected to tigernut diets would be linked to the high content of unsaturated fatty acids in the rats' milk provided by tigernuts (yellow and black) in their diet. Studies conducted by Ip et al. 30, show that infants fed breast milk have good health and normal weight gain. Owen et al. 31, showed that infants fed breast milk have high levels of cholesterol. Indeed, the high needs of the mammary gland for lipids can be met by an increase in free fatty acids, which is associated with a decrease in triglycerides. Also, this would be linked to the micronutrients (iron, zinc) provided by tigernuts 16. According to Ballard and Morrow 32, diet has an influence on the quality of milk, particularly in terms of its content (fat and protein) and taste. Additionally, Kramer et al. 33, showed that milk from nursing mothers caused growth in young rats. Total cholesterol accompanied by high cholesterol, however this hypercholesterolemia linked to breastfeeding is of no consequence, because it fades upon weaning and can even be associated with lower cholesterol in adulthood. The high concentration of cholesterol associated with high concentrations of HDL cholesterol would be linked to the normal physiological state of young suckled rats from lactating mothers fed tigernuts (yellow and black). In fact, the work of Francesca et al. 34, showed that high LDL cholesterol values were associated with impaired health in infants (high cardiovascular risks).
A non-significant decrease in LDL cholesterol was observed on the 25th day in the pups. The results obtained corroborate those of James 35, which indicated a reduction in LDL cholesterol during breastfeeding in infants. The significant increase in the weight of young rats would also be linked to the high milk production by lactating rats. This high milk production could be due to the presence of active ingredients inducing milk secretion by stimulating the development of the milk-secreting cells of lactating rats, without affecting their levels of prolactin, growth hormone, progesterone, cortisol, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. This remark has already been shown by the work of Simelane et al. 36 carried out on the rhizomes of Gunnera perpensa L. (Gunneraceae). However, certain plants induce milk secretion by impacting the levels of prolactin, cortisol, progesterone and growth hormone. This is the case for the aqueous extracts of the root of Triumfetta rhomboidea L. and the leaves of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Linn. (Vahl), which induced galactogenic activity in lactating rats through a significant increase in milk production, prolactin and cortisol 37, 38.
The determination of the prolactin level and the estrogen level made it possible to highlight the galactogenic activity of tigernuts in lactating rats. Estrogen levels in control lactating rats and lactating rats subjected to tigernuts diets are practically constant and around 150 ng/mL. On the other hand, the prolactin levels of lactating rats fed with tigernuts were practically elevated compared to control lactating rats. Indeed, after parturition, the initiation and maintenance of breast milk production are under the control of the continuous secretion of prolactin 39.
Consequently, the weight gain and good physiological state of young suckled rats would be linked to the stimulation of maternal milk production by the high concentration of prolactin in the blood of lactating rats fed tigernuts. This production of prolactin is linked to the supply of precursors to the mammary gland such as glucose, triglycerides, fatty acids and amino acids provided by the diet of tigernuts in lactating rats 24.
The increase in prolactin would be due to the presence of lactogenic active ingredients in C. esculentus flours. Also, the analysis of this flour showed its richness in sterols (basic matrices of phytohormones). Indeed, this lactogenic power could be supported by the presence of certain oligosaccharides and triterpenes contained in the tubers of this plant. These substances would then be able to stimulate prolactin biosynthesis in rats and induce mammary development 40. Thus, the increase in prolactin secretion promotes the synthesis of macronutrients in lactocytes, leading to significant weight gain in young rats 41. Indeed, in rats, the regulation of milk protein synthesis is under the control of prolactin 42. In fact, in rats, lactation is a very intense but relatively short metabolic period. Lactation lasts only 21 days with maximum production established between the 12th and 19th day of lactation and a peak in lactation observed on the 15th day. The energy requirements necessary for this intense production are significant and come almost exclusively from food intake 24. The concentration of estrogen in lactating rats would be a consequence of plasma prolactin production. According to Trott et al. 43, estrogens increase the expression of prolactin receptor factors in the mammary epithelium, thus causing an increase in sensitivity to prolactin. Likewise, the work of Garas et al. 44 showed that estrogen increases the number of prolactin receptors on mammary gland cells.
The consumption of tigernuts flour (yellow and black) by rats facilitates milk production. Rats breastfed with this milk from tigernut allow considerable weight gain in the pups. This effect of tigernut would be linked to nutritional factors. These compounds present in tigernuts have galactogenic effects.
We express our gratitude to staff of the central laboratory of Nangui ABROGOUA University (Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire) for their help during the various manipulations on rats.
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Published with license by Science and Education Publishing, Copyright © 2025 Gnanda Paule Elise Kouamé, Patrice Desiré Yapi Assoi Yapi, Kouassi Martial-Didier Adingra and Patrice Lucien Kouamé
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit
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| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
