Figure 1. The Holy Mosque in Makkah, left the first Saudi Expansion, right the third Saudi Expansion

From

The Perceptions of Makkah’s Architectural Identity by Residents’ Pilgrims 2021

Wadia Albarqawi

American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture. 2025, 13(2), 44-52 doi:10.12691/ajcea-13-2-3