Figure 15. Type III ring pattern with 8-shaped inner ring wrapped by a larger outer ring (Top: NGC 1079, left: original image, middle: depicted pattern profile [28], right: simulation. Middle: NGC 3081, left: original image, middle: depicted pattern profile [30], right: simulation, Euler (-20,5,40). Bottom: pattern profiles depicted by Buta [26], left: ESO 509-98, right: ESO 507-16)

From

Spirals and Rings in Barred Galaxies by the ROTASE Model

Hongjun Pan

International Journal of Physics. 2021, 9(6), 286-307 doi:10.12691/ijp-9-6-5