it is to seek in the implementation details about the management of the naturally occurring radioactive materials. Especially for natural radioactivity concentration in raw materials and tailings and its mineral products are used for manufacturing refractory products.It needs to be further improved．The classification method is based on the γ radiation dose rate limit under the measured environment or material surface at different heights and the activity concentration of radionuclide.The aim of this work is to investigate the Control index problems the different influencing factors or parameters of radiation level.The results show that the limits of Radionuclide on the different of the Influence factors with the height of the raw radioactive materials and its Tailings or its product.It is mainly studied from three aspects: ①the judgment of the raw radioactive materials and its Tailings or its product.②the building materials form of the raw radioactive materials and its Tailings or its product were judged.③The absorbed dose rate(Iγ) and radium equivalent activity(Raeq)，alpha index (Iα) , et al. wered assessed.The Results show that the control index about the representative management．It will play an important role in radiation protection and measurements，and it provides technical basis for future evaluation standard of scientific and practical management.
Naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) is material found in the environment that contains radioactive elements of natural origin. the primarily contains uranium and thorium and potassium. These elements are naturally decaying and are considered a primary contributor to an individual's yearly background radiation dose.
The Typical of NORM has nonferrous metal, ferrous metal, rare metal and others. The natural radio nuclide will also be diffused, transferred, concentrated to the raw radioactive Tailings or its product, so it will lead to cause additional radiation pollution to human beings or the environment to a certain extent.
China is rich with resources of NORM, but the management and systems and measures are imperfect, it leads to excessive digging and blind exploitation. so that, It not only fails to fully utilize the expected benefits of resources, but also aggravates the pollution of environmental. Therefore, it is particularly important to strengthen the supervision of exploit these Material resources, especially for the model of supervision and control rules.
It gives a description of the scope of radiation protection, especially for the problem on Control and immunity In the paper 1. In general,the annual additional effective dose limit of public exposure should be 10% - 30% of the public exposure dose limit(1msv/a). in the standard of 《Basic standards for protection against ionizing radiation and for the safety of radiation sources》 2. the Additional absorbed gamma dose rate in air is Greater or equal to 400nGy/h at 0.1m above the ground,under the diameter is Greater or equal to 2 metres and the thickness is Greater or equal to 1 metre of metal mineral products in the standard of 《Limitation concentration of natural radioactivity in non-ferrous metal ores and concentrates products》.
There are many researches on NORM, and The scope of the study is relatively broad.eg. the article of Xinmin Wu in 2005 3.the Additional absorbed gamma dose rate in air at 0.1m above the ground are compared and analyzed in The paper,and The specific radioactivities of Radium (226Ra), Thorium(232Th) and Potassium (40K) are considered. The article of You Hua Hu in 2013 4., This paper compared and analyzed that the Additional absorbed gamma dose rate in air above the ground and The specific radioactivities of Radium (226Ra), Thorium(232Th) and Potassium (40K).In 2010, the General Administration of Quality Supervision 5, Inspection and Quarantine of China issued The natural radioactive limit standard for non-ferrous metal mineral products is studied from a distance of 0.1 m on the surface of the mineral product pile to investigate the control of natural radioactive nuclides Value size.
These studies compared and analyzed that the Additional absorbed gamma dose rate in air at Different
Heights above the ground and The specific radioactivities of Radium (226Ra), Thorium(232Th) and Potassium (40K) 6, 7,but in fact, the difference of the test distance leads to misuse,so that The result is false.
The purpose of this paper is to make a preliminary study on the relationship between the absorbed gamma dose rate in air at 1m and 0.1m and 0.3m above the measured environment or material surface.such as in soil, sand and the radioactive materials and its tailings or its product.Through the analysis of the radioactive materials and its tailings or products.the control index was proposed. It will play an important role in radiation protection and measurements, and it provides technical basis for future evaluation standard of scientific and practical management.
2.2. Theoretical DerivationThe measured activity of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were converted into doses by applying the factors 4.29, 6.66 and 0.42(Bq/kg) for radium, thorium and potassium, respectively. These factors were used to calculate the total absorbed gamma dose rate in air upon a height of 1.0 m above the ground，were calculated using the following equation. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
where: Dr are the absorbed gamma dose rate,μGy/h.CRa, CTh and CK are the activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in (Bq/kg), respectively.
The measured activity of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were converted into doses by applying the factors 4.667, 6.717and 0.415(Bq/kg) for radium, thorium and potassium, respectively. These factors were used to calculate the total absorbed gamma dose rate in air upon a height of 0 m above the ground, were calculated using the following equation 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16
where: Dr are the absorbed gamma dose rate,μGy/h.CRa, CTh and CK are the activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in (Bq/kg), respectively.
The measured activity of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were converted into doses by applying the factors 4.638, 6.711and 0.414(Bq/kg) for radium, thorium and potassium, respectively. These factors were used to calculate the total absorbed gamma dose rate in air upon a height of 0.1 m above the ground,were calculated using the following equation.
 | (3) |
where: Dr are the absorbed gamma dose rate,μGy/h. CRa, CTh and CK are the activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in (Bq/kg), respectively.
The measured activity of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were converted into doses by applying the factors 4.56, 5.299and 0.417(Bq/kg) for radium, thorium and potassium, respectively. These factors were used to calculate the total absorbed gamma dose rate in air upon a height of 0.3 m above the ground,were calculated using the following equation.
where: Dr are the absorbed gamma dose rate,μGy/h. CRa, CTh and CK are the activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in (Bq/kg), respectively.
The annual effective dose received by the population was calculated using the following equation(UNSCEAR, 2000) with a conversion factor of 0.7Sv/Gy (ICRP, 1988).
where: De are The annual effective dose rates, mSv/a.
Dr are the absorbed total gamma dose rate,μGy/h.
D0 are the absorbed Natural gamma dose rate,μGy/h.
T are the time of Contact.
K are the conversion factor of 0.7Sv/Gy.
R are the average, spent their time outdoors and indoors.
The annual activity time of the residents is 365 days, 24 hours a day. In general, the percentage of indoor and outdoor in urban areas is 82% and 18% , while in rural areas is 77% and 23% 12 . The percentage of indoor and outdoor is 80% and 20% on average in the Articles
To limit the external γ-radiation dose from materials to 1mSv/yr, the external hazard index (Hex) is defined by workers,The External Radiation Dose control value is 0.6mSv/yr, which is produced by the additional radioactivity of the sample material 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20.
where: Req-This indexis related to both internal dose due to radon and external gamma dose. 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in (Bq/kg), respectively.
3.2. Radium Equivalent (Raeq)To represent the level of activity of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K by a single quantity, a common radiological index was introduced. This index is known as the equivalent radium activity symbolized by Raeq and calculated using the following expression 11, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24:
where: Req-This indexis related to both internal dose due to radon and external gamma dose. 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in (Bq/kg), respectively.
3.3. Gamma Index (Iγ)Radon and its daughters will have an internal radiation effect on the human body. Therefore, the influence factor of the internal radiation can be used to describe,These factors were used to calculate the total absorbed gamma dose rate in air at 0 m and at 1m above the ground level using the following equation 15, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29
where: Hin -This indexis related to both internal dose due to radon and internal gamma dose. 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in (Bq/kg), respectively.
3.4. Alpha Indices (Iα)The alpha indices have been proposed to assess the exposure level due to radon and thorium, These factors were used to calculate The alpha index in air at 0 m and at 1m above the ground level using the following equation 30
where: Ia- The alpha index related to radon and thorium. 226Ra, 232Th in (Bq/kg), respectively.
To limit the external γ-radiation dose from materials to 1mSv/yr, The External Radiation Dose control value is 0.6mSv/yr, which is produced by the additional radioactivity of the sample material,so the γ-radiation dose is 0.16μGy/h by calculation. the following equation was used of the absorbed gamma dose rate at 1m above the ground level and the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K.
where: Ia- The alpha index related to radon and thorium
Hex-This indexis related to both internal dose due to radon and external gamma dose,226Ra, 232Th and 40K in (Bq/kg), respectively.the radioactive materials and its Tailings can be judged by The alpha index related to radon and thorium or This indexis related to both internal dose.
To limit the external γ-radiation dose from materials to 1mSv/yr, The External Radiation Dose control value is 0.6mSv/yr, which is produced by the additional radioactivity of the sample material,so the γ-radiation dose is 0.16μGy/h by calculation. The following equation was used of the absorbed gamma dose rate at 0.1m above the ground level and the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K.
where: Ia- The alpha index related to radon and thorium
Hex-This indexis related to both internal dose due to radon and external gamma dose,226Ra, 232Th and 40K in (Bq/kg), respectively. The radioactive materials and its Tailings can be judged by The alpha index related to radon and thorium or This indexis related to both internal dose.the analysis results at 0.1m above the ground level agree with the standard of the《Limitation concentration of natural radioactivity in non-ferrous metal ores and concentrates products》.
To limit the external γ-radiation dose from materials to 1mSv/yr, The External Radiation Dose control value is 0.6mSv/yr, which is produced by the additional radioactivity of the sample material,so the γ-radiation dose is 0.16μGy/h by calculation. the following equation was used of the absorbed gamma dose rate at 0.3m above the ground level and the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K.
where: Ia- The alpha index related to radon and thorium
Hex-This indexis related to both internal dose due to radon and external gamma dose,226Ra, 232Th and 40K in (Bq/kg), respectively.the radioactive materials and its Tailings can be judged by The alpha index related to radon and thorium or This indexis related to both internal dose.
4.2. Discuss About the Product of the Radioactive MaterialsThe condition of the absorbed gamma dose rate at 1m above the ground level and the Radionuclide in soil, NORM was Determined,and it shall be meet the following requirements. (I) the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K is not more then 0.24Bq/g. (II) the absorbed gamma dose rate is not more then 0.16μGy/h.
When the activity concentrations is greater than 7.4×104Bq/kg ,the Natural materials was treated as radioactive waste have been proposed by several investigators. on the contrary, the Natural materials was not treated as radioactive waste. For security reasons, after the NORM was exploited, radioactive waste was enriched,the coefficient of enrichment is ten times, then the activity concentrations is greater than 7.4×103Bq/kg, Uranium and radium are in equilibrium, so
(I) the activity concentrations is greater than 1.232Bq/g.
(II) the Additional absorbed gamma dose rate is not more then 0.5μGy/h at 0.1m above the ground level.
(Ⅲ) the Additional absorbed gamma dose rate is not more then 0.3μGy/h at 0.3m above the ground level.
The relationship between the radiation dose rate 0.1m above the ground level and
The activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, then Number of indices dealing with the assessment of the excess gamma radiation arising from building materials.
(I) the activity concentrations is greater than 0.24Bq/g.
(II) the Additional absorbed gamma dose rate is not more then 0.17μGy/h at 0.1m above the surface level.
(Ⅲ) the Additional absorbed gamma dose rate is not more then 0.15μGy/h at 0.3m above the surface level.
When Requirements for exemption were fulfilled. the radioactive materials or its product will be processed into building materials or other is totally unrestricted.
When Requirements of the radioactive materials or its product for exemption were fulfilled. the radioactive Tailings or residue deposit will be processed into other products is totally unrestricted.
The essay is based on the γ radiation dose rate under the measured environment or material surface at different heights, Requirements for control of the radioactive materials and the radioactive Tailings or residue deposit or its product,which shall be meet the following requirements.
①Definition of the NORM: if the external hazard index (Hex≥1) or The alpha index( Ia）≥1,then It needs to be managed according to the corresponding requirements.
②Definition of the radioactive Tailings or residue deposit or its product: if the external hazard index (Hex≥1) or The alpha index( Ia）≥1,then It needs to be managed according to the corresponding requirements.the influence factors or parameters of radiation level was understanded, so that Definition about the NORM and the radioactive Tailings or residue deposit, then whether it can be directly processed into building materials.On the classification of the management and control index classification,building materials come form the NORM and the radioactive Tailings or residue deposit was only Researched.but it is no consider that the management and control of operation, accident and retirement,it is will be in the future Work in progress.
The author declares that there are no actual or potential conflicts of interest in this article,
Human Ethics and Consent to Participate declarations: not applicable.
The authors would like to thank prof. Dr. Feng, for the constant encouragement and support for this research work.
| [1] | ICPR.Public protection under sustain edir radiation the committees radiation protection sytem applied Tonatural source scontrolledra diation caused by long live dradioactiveremnants [J]. JCRP, 2001, 3(21): 19. | ||
| In article | |||
| [2] | 《Basic standards for protection against ionizing radiation and for the safety of radiation sources》.GB18871-2002, Institute for standardization of nuclear industry [S]. Beijing: China Standards Press, 2002. | ||
| In article | |||
| [3] | Hu You hua, Wang Guoquan, Feng Guangwen. Study on classifica-tion technical index system for coal mine associated with radionu-clides in Xinjiang [J]. Nuclear Electronics & Detection Technology, 2013(3): 324 -327. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [4] | WANG Wei-xing ,Studies on natural radioactivity of soil in Xiazhuang uranium ore field, Guangdong, , 2005, 28( 12): 918-920. | ||
| In article | |||
| [5] | 《Limitation concentration of natural radioactivity in non-ferrous metal ores and concentrates products》. GB6566-2010, [S]. Beijing: China Standards Press, 2010. | ||
| In article | |||
| [6] | Rahman SU, Rafique M, Jabbar A, Matiullah. Radiological hazards due to naturally occurring radionuclides in the selected building materials used for the construction of dwellings in four districts of the Pun-jab province, Pakistan. Radiat Prot Dosim. 2013; 153(3): 352–360. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [7] | Pandit GG, Sahu SK, Puranik VD. Natural radionuclides from coal fired thermal power plants–estima-tion of atmospheric release and inhalation risk. Radioprot. 2011; 46(6): S173–S179. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [8] | Ahmed Hassan Korna, Soad Saad Fares, Magda Abd El-Rahman. Natural radioactivity levels and radiation hazards for gypsum materials used in Egypt [J]. Natural Science, Vol.6, No.1, 5-13 (2014). | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [9] | Jeambrun, M., Pourcelot, L., Mercat, C., Boulet, B. and Loyen, J. Study on transfers of uranium, thorium and decay products from grain, water and soil to chicken meat and egg contents. 2012. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [10] | Turhan S. Estimation of possible radiological hazards from natural radioactivity incommercially-utilized ornamental countertops granite tiles, Ann. Nucl. Energy。2012. 44, 34-39. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [11] | UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation), Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation. New York (1988). | ||
| In article | |||
| [12] | Dinh Chau N, Dulinski M, Jodlowski P, et al. Natural radioactivity in groundwater --Areview. Isotopes Environ. H- ealth. Stud. 2011, 47, 415-437. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [13] | Rahman SU, Rafique M, Jabbar A, Matiullah. Radiological hazards due to naturally occurring radionuclides in the selected building materials used for the construction of dwellings in four districts of the Pun-jab province, Pakistan. Radiat Prot Dosim. 2013; 153(3): 352–360. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [14] | Gupta M, Mahur AK, Varshney R, , et al. Measurement of naturalradioactivity and radon exhalation rate in fly ash samples from a thermal power plant and estimation of radiation doses. Radiat Meas. 2013; 50: 160–165. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [15] | Jamilah Al-Zahrani,Gamma Radiation Measurements of Naturally Occurring Radioactive in Igneous Rocks and Its Radiological Complications,World Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2017, 7, 136-144. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [16] | Agalga, R., Darko, E.O. and Schandof, C. Preliminary Study on the Levels of Natural Radionuclides in Sedi-ments of the Tono Irrigation Dam, Navrongo. International Journal of Science and Technology, 2013.2, 770-776. | ||
| In article | |||
| [17] | Tsabaris, C., Eleftheriou, G., Kapsimalis, V., Radioactivity Levels of Recent Sediments in the Butrint Lagoon and the Adjacent Coast of Albania. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 2007.65, 445-453. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [18] | Lu, X.W. Natural Radioactivity in Some Building Materials and By-Products of Shaanxi, China. Journal of Ra-dioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 2004.262, 775-777. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [19] | Yang, Y.X., Wu, X.M., Jiang, Z.Y.,Radioactivity Concentrations in Soils of the Xiazhuang Granite Area, China. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 2005.63, 255-259. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [20] | Ononugbo CP, Nwaka BU,Natural radioactivity and radiological risk estimation of drinking water from Okposi and Uburu salt lake area, Ebonyi state, Nigeria. Physical Science International Journal,2017, pp 1-15. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [21] | Ramasamy, V., Suresh, G., Rajkumar, P., Murugesan, S. Reas-sessment and Comparison of Natural Radioactivity Levels in Relation to Granulometric Contents of Recently Excavated Major River Sediments. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 2011,292, 381-393. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [22] | Orosun MM, Usikalu MR, Oyewumi KJ, Natural radionuclides and radiological risk assessment of granite mining feld in Asa, North-central Nigeria. MethodsX. 2019, 6:2504–2514. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [23] | Owoade LR, Oyeyemi SM, Lawal FA, Assessing naturally occurring radionuclides in soil of Egbeda Local Government for a baseline data of Oyo State, Nigeria. Radiat Prot Environ 2019. 42(3): 90. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [24] | Popoola FA, Fakeye OD, Basiru QB,Assessment of radionuclide concentration in surface soil and human health risk associated with exposure in two higher institutions of Esan land, Edo State, Nigeria. J Appl Sci Environ Manag,2019, 23(12): 2267932284. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [25] | Song W, Wang X, Wang Q, plasma-induced grafting of polyacrylamide on graphene oxide nanosheets for simultaneous removal of radionuclides. Phys Chem Chem, 2020, 22(3): 1785-1786. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [26] | Xiao J, Pang Z, Zhou S, Chu L,The mechanism of acid-washed zero-valet iron/activated carbon as permeable reactive barrier enhanced electrokinetic remediation of uranium-contaminated soil. Sep Purif Technol. 2020. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [27] | Zhang W, Dong Y, Wang H,.Removal of uranium from groundwater using zero-valent-iron coated quartz sands. J Radioanal Nucl Chem. 2021. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [28] | Wei H, Dong F, Chen M, Zhang W, Liu M,Removal of uranium by biogenetic jarosite coupled with photoinduced reduction in the presence of oxalic acid: a low-cost remediation technology. Radioanal Nucl Chem. 2020. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [29] | Kang TW, Park WP, Han YU, Natural and artificial radioactivity in volcanic ash soils of Jeju Island, Republic of Korea, and assessment of the radiation hazards: importance of soil properties. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020, 323(3): 1113-1124. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [30] | Kungur ST, Ige TA, Ikyo BA,Analysis of natural radionuclides and evaluation of radiation hazard indices in soil samples from Benue state, Nigeria. Int J Innov Res Sci Eng. 2020. 5(5):1765-1769. | ||
| In article | |||
Published with license by Science and Education Publishing, Copyright © 2025 Xiao Feng, LanLan Feng and JinLan Shu
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
| [1] | ICPR.Public protection under sustain edir radiation the committees radiation protection sytem applied Tonatural source scontrolledra diation caused by long live dradioactiveremnants [J]. JCRP, 2001, 3(21): 19. | ||
| In article | |||
| [2] | 《Basic standards for protection against ionizing radiation and for the safety of radiation sources》.GB18871-2002, Institute for standardization of nuclear industry [S]. Beijing: China Standards Press, 2002. | ||
| In article | |||
| [3] | Hu You hua, Wang Guoquan, Feng Guangwen. Study on classifica-tion technical index system for coal mine associated with radionu-clides in Xinjiang [J]. Nuclear Electronics & Detection Technology, 2013(3): 324 -327. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [4] | WANG Wei-xing ,Studies on natural radioactivity of soil in Xiazhuang uranium ore field, Guangdong, , 2005, 28( 12): 918-920. | ||
| In article | |||
| [5] | 《Limitation concentration of natural radioactivity in non-ferrous metal ores and concentrates products》. GB6566-2010, [S]. Beijing: China Standards Press, 2010. | ||
| In article | |||
| [6] | Rahman SU, Rafique M, Jabbar A, Matiullah. Radiological hazards due to naturally occurring radionuclides in the selected building materials used for the construction of dwellings in four districts of the Pun-jab province, Pakistan. Radiat Prot Dosim. 2013; 153(3): 352–360. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [7] | Pandit GG, Sahu SK, Puranik VD. Natural radionuclides from coal fired thermal power plants–estima-tion of atmospheric release and inhalation risk. Radioprot. 2011; 46(6): S173–S179. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [8] | Ahmed Hassan Korna, Soad Saad Fares, Magda Abd El-Rahman. Natural radioactivity levels and radiation hazards for gypsum materials used in Egypt [J]. Natural Science, Vol.6, No.1, 5-13 (2014). | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [9] | Jeambrun, M., Pourcelot, L., Mercat, C., Boulet, B. and Loyen, J. Study on transfers of uranium, thorium and decay products from grain, water and soil to chicken meat and egg contents. 2012. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [10] | Turhan S. Estimation of possible radiological hazards from natural radioactivity incommercially-utilized ornamental countertops granite tiles, Ann. Nucl. Energy。2012. 44, 34-39. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [11] | UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation), Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation. New York (1988). | ||
| In article | |||
| [12] | Dinh Chau N, Dulinski M, Jodlowski P, et al. Natural radioactivity in groundwater --Areview. Isotopes Environ. H- ealth. Stud. 2011, 47, 415-437. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [13] | Rahman SU, Rafique M, Jabbar A, Matiullah. Radiological hazards due to naturally occurring radionuclides in the selected building materials used for the construction of dwellings in four districts of the Pun-jab province, Pakistan. Radiat Prot Dosim. 2013; 153(3): 352–360. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [14] | Gupta M, Mahur AK, Varshney R, , et al. Measurement of naturalradioactivity and radon exhalation rate in fly ash samples from a thermal power plant and estimation of radiation doses. Radiat Meas. 2013; 50: 160–165. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [15] | Jamilah Al-Zahrani,Gamma Radiation Measurements of Naturally Occurring Radioactive in Igneous Rocks and Its Radiological Complications,World Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2017, 7, 136-144. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [16] | Agalga, R., Darko, E.O. and Schandof, C. Preliminary Study on the Levels of Natural Radionuclides in Sedi-ments of the Tono Irrigation Dam, Navrongo. International Journal of Science and Technology, 2013.2, 770-776. | ||
| In article | |||
| [17] | Tsabaris, C., Eleftheriou, G., Kapsimalis, V., Radioactivity Levels of Recent Sediments in the Butrint Lagoon and the Adjacent Coast of Albania. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 2007.65, 445-453. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [18] | Lu, X.W. Natural Radioactivity in Some Building Materials and By-Products of Shaanxi, China. Journal of Ra-dioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 2004.262, 775-777. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [19] | Yang, Y.X., Wu, X.M., Jiang, Z.Y.,Radioactivity Concentrations in Soils of the Xiazhuang Granite Area, China. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 2005.63, 255-259. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [20] | Ononugbo CP, Nwaka BU,Natural radioactivity and radiological risk estimation of drinking water from Okposi and Uburu salt lake area, Ebonyi state, Nigeria. Physical Science International Journal,2017, pp 1-15. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [21] | Ramasamy, V., Suresh, G., Rajkumar, P., Murugesan, S. Reas-sessment and Comparison of Natural Radioactivity Levels in Relation to Granulometric Contents of Recently Excavated Major River Sediments. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 2011,292, 381-393. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [22] | Orosun MM, Usikalu MR, Oyewumi KJ, Natural radionuclides and radiological risk assessment of granite mining feld in Asa, North-central Nigeria. MethodsX. 2019, 6:2504–2514. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [23] | Owoade LR, Oyeyemi SM, Lawal FA, Assessing naturally occurring radionuclides in soil of Egbeda Local Government for a baseline data of Oyo State, Nigeria. Radiat Prot Environ 2019. 42(3): 90. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [24] | Popoola FA, Fakeye OD, Basiru QB,Assessment of radionuclide concentration in surface soil and human health risk associated with exposure in two higher institutions of Esan land, Edo State, Nigeria. J Appl Sci Environ Manag,2019, 23(12): 2267932284. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [25] | Song W, Wang X, Wang Q, plasma-induced grafting of polyacrylamide on graphene oxide nanosheets for simultaneous removal of radionuclides. Phys Chem Chem, 2020, 22(3): 1785-1786. | ||
| In article | View Article PubMed | ||
| [26] | Xiao J, Pang Z, Zhou S, Chu L,The mechanism of acid-washed zero-valet iron/activated carbon as permeable reactive barrier enhanced electrokinetic remediation of uranium-contaminated soil. Sep Purif Technol. 2020. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [27] | Zhang W, Dong Y, Wang H,.Removal of uranium from groundwater using zero-valent-iron coated quartz sands. J Radioanal Nucl Chem. 2021. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [28] | Wei H, Dong F, Chen M, Zhang W, Liu M,Removal of uranium by biogenetic jarosite coupled with photoinduced reduction in the presence of oxalic acid: a low-cost remediation technology. Radioanal Nucl Chem. 2020. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [29] | Kang TW, Park WP, Han YU, Natural and artificial radioactivity in volcanic ash soils of Jeju Island, Republic of Korea, and assessment of the radiation hazards: importance of soil properties. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020, 323(3): 1113-1124. | ||
| In article | View Article | ||
| [30] | Kungur ST, Ige TA, Ikyo BA,Analysis of natural radionuclides and evaluation of radiation hazard indices in soil samples from Benue state, Nigeria. Int J Innov Res Sci Eng. 2020. 5(5):1765-1769. | ||
| In article | |||
