Figure 1. Tissue transglutaminase 2 (TTG2) in the dysregulation of celiac disease. Gluten peptides resist gastrointestinal degradation due to their high proline content. The microbiota may act modifying gluten proteolysis and the net production of immunogenic peptides, which cross the epithelium and reach the lamina propria. TTG2 catalyzes deamidation of these peptides, which results in negatively charged molecules that then are more efficient binding to HLA-DQ2 or -DQ8 molecules on antigen presenting cells. This initiates an anti-gluten T-cell response with release of pro inflammatory signals leading to epithelial damage. Gluten enterocytes and macrophages activation will increase proinflammatory signals that will expand TTG production

From

IgA and IgG Antitransglutaminase 2 Antibodies in the Diagnosis of Celiac Disease

Mónica Villanueva, Marianela Rojas, Magdalena Araya

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