Mosquitoes Breeding Potentials of Dumpsites in Selected Location in Uyo Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

A survey on Mosquitoe breeding potentials of dumpsites in selected locations in Uyo Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria was carried out between October and November, 2015. Samples were collected in both stagnant waterand containerof domestic dumping site, Dumping site in Mechanical village, and Industrial site. A total of 1648 specimen of mosquitoes larvae from three genuses (Anopheles, culex, and Aedes) were encountered. 1318 larvae found in stagnant water, while 330 recovered from container of water.In stagnant water, the following result were obtain; domestic dumping site; culex spp. 310 (44%) >Anopheles spp. 218 (30%)>Aedes Spp. 184(26%) Mechanical village dumping site: Anopheles 210 (44%)>Aedes 141 (30%)>Culex Spp.. 121 (26%0 and industrial dumping site; Culex 57 (43%)>Anopheles Spp. 42 (31%)>Aedes Spp. 35 (26). Induced container the following result was obtained, domestic dumping site; Culex spp. 95 (51%)> Anopheles pp. 69(37%)> Aedes spp. 22(12%), mechanic village dumping site: Anopheles spp. 57 (64%)> Culex Spp. 23 (26%)> Aedes Spp. 9 (10%) and industrial dumping site: culux spp. 40 (73%)> Anopheles Spp. 10(18%)>AedesSpp. 5 (9%). Culex Spp. was observed to be dominant in domestic and industrial dumping site, Anopheles Spp.was observed to be dominant in mechanic village dumping site while Aedes Spp. was observed to be the least dominant in the three selected sampling area. The ratio of male to female in the three sampling area was 1:2. In conclusion, the occurrence of Anopheles Spp, Aedes Spp. and culex Spp. in the study area indicates high risk of vector borne diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever and filariasis.


Introduction
The ecological basis for disease dates at least as far back as 400BC to Hippocrates's writing on Air, water and place. As Wilson [38] clarifies, our understanding and therefore control of diseases is inadequate without "ecological" perspective on the life cycles of parasitic micro-organism and the associated infectious diseases. "Many of the critical health problems in the world today cannot be solved without major improvement in environmental quality" [34].
Transmission and control of malaria has clear links to ecosystem changes that result from natural resources policies. The resulting ecosystem change has a tremendous influence on the pattern of diseases such as malaria [16,21,25,27,28], this is partly because of all the forest species that transmit disease to human beings, Mosquitoes are among the most sensitive to ecosystem changes; their survival, density and distribution have been altered by environmental changes caused by different land transformation [27,28].
Tropical diseases such as dengue fever, lymphatic filariasis, malaria, yellow fever and those caused by the West Nile virus and other viruses are all transmitted by mosquitoes [5]. Malaria is the most common and important parasitic disease transmitted by mosquitoes. It is transmitted through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. The most important species of malaria parasite involved are plasmodium falciparum, P. Ovale, P. malariae, P. knowlesi, P. vivax (Midegu 2006;Umar, 2014). Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes have been responsible for killing more than all the wars in history (Beerntsen, 2000;Umar, 2014).
Vector control is of great importance in combating malaria. Since the year 2000, the World Health Organization (WHO) embraced vector control as a major tool for combating malaria. This has been done by financially facilitating increased availability of insecticide treated bed nets 3% to 50% by the year 2011 and increased indoor residual spraying (IRS) from 5% to 11% by the year 2010 in sub-Saharan Africa (WHO, 2011). This show that in Nigeria and other sub-Saharan African countries where malaria is endemic, there have been massive investment toward provision and access to Artemisinin based Combination Therapies (ACTs) and effort have been made largely towards adult mosquito control. Adult mosquito control has been achieved using ITNs and IRS, which both use chemical insecticides. In contrast there has been little adoption of larval control strategies (Afia and Mbang, 2014).
In 1939, Dichlorodiphenyltrichoroethene (DDT) and other conventional insecticides were discovered leading to a neglect of the biological methods of control because of their effectiveness in killing insect pests such as mosquitoes. Consequently, Kwanboka, (2014) brought to the attention of the world that the continued indiscriminate use of chemical insecticides has harmful effect to the environment. Due to these concerns, it has become necessary to find new interventional use of chemical insecticides.
There is renewed interest in the use of biological control method such as the use of bacteria like Bacillus Sphaericus (Bs), Bacillus thuringiensis var Israelensis (Bti), the use of fungus as well as predators and competitors (here after termed controphic species of the mosquito larvae). These control method target the larval The Arthropods include the larvae of Diptera Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Zygoptera, Hydrachnidiae, Anisoptera and Crustaceans among other members of these invertebrate taxa have been shown to influence the fitness of mosquito larvae by increasing mortality of immature stages of the mosquito through prolonged development time and reducing the number of offspring by causing delayed reproduction and law fecundity in the adults (Fisher et al; 2012; Kwamboka, 2014). The interaction between mosquito larvae and Anuran larvae (tadpoles of frogs and toads) had also received a great deal of attention (Blaustein and Margulit, 1994; Mokang and shine, 2002; Kwamboka, 2014). One advantage of using predator is that they can reach mosquito larvae in some habitats such as holes (Phytotelmata) and other water bodies that are difficult to reach using other biological measures as larvicides (Shalaan and Canyon, 2009;Kwamboka, 2014). Therefore controphic species are potential biological control method of the Anopheles mosquito larvae, and ecological approach toward malaria control.

Study Area
The study was carried out within Uyo metropolis Akwa Ibom State in the South Southern part of Nigeria between October and November, 2015. The state is one of the fastest growing regions in Nigeria with a rapid increase in human population due to urbanization and industrialization.
Three sampling sites (Domestic dumping sites, mechanic village dumping site and industrial dumping sites) were carefully selected from three different locations within the Uyo municipality with the following coordinates: Latitude 5.04088Nand longitude 7.92379E, latitude 5.02492N and longitude 7.899452E and latitude 5.14554N and longitude 7.88431E respectively. However, the sampling sites lack good modern waste management facilities as a result of this, waste are often being disposed in the open environment.

Sample Collection
In the natural environment, stagnant water were found in empty containers and vessels in the various dumping sites. Within these pools of stagnant water, larvae of mosquitoes were freely swimming to the water top to trap oxygen. These larvae were collected with the use of sieve container with mesh size 55mm and preserved in a container to the laboratory for counting and identification.
Induced container were filled with water and keep in different sampling sites for a period of 7 days, thereafter it was covered with a net then taken to the laboratory for sorting, counting and identification.

Identification of Mosquito Specimen
All the samples collected across the three sampling sites in both the natural and induced habitat were identified with the use of field microscope and mosquito identification guides in the University of Uyo Zoology laboratory such as provided by UNCEF, (2000).

Data Analysis
The data obtained during the course of study were analyzed by simple averages, mosquito genus, and sex.

Results
The results of mosquitoe breeding site in selected areas in Uyo Local Government is presented in the table as follows: A total of 1,648 specimen of mosquitoe larvae from 3 genera (Anopheles, culex and Aedes) were encountered during the study period. 1,318 larvae found in the sampling sites (Stagnant water), while 330 larvae were recovered from the human induced container. The distributions of mosquitoe were recorded from three sampling sites (Domestic dumping site, mechanic dumping site and industrial dumping site) and the results were given as follows: In the Stagnant water, the distribution of mosquito; larvae across the different sampling sites were as follows; Domestic dumping site 712 (54%) > mechanic dumping site 472 (36%) > industrial dumping site 134 (10%). Within the domestic dumping site, the distribution and prevalence of mosquitoe larvae were observed in the following order; Culex Spp. 310 (44%) >Anopheles Spp. 218 (30%) >Aedes Spp. 184 (26%).
Culex Spp. Was observed to have a higher prevalence of 310 (23%) a value which was recorded in the domestic dumping site; while Aedes had a lower prevalence of 35 (3%) which was observed in the industrial dumping site.
In the human induced container, Culex spp. was also observed to have the highest prevalence and distribution of 95 (29%) while Aedes spp was observed to have the lowest prevalence of 5 (2%) recorded in industrial dumping site.
Generally, with the stagnant water and human induced container across the three sampling sites, the ration of male to female larvae were 1:2.

Discussions
The knowledge of habitat type where mosquitoes breed is very important so that such breeding sites are considered on priority basis for the effective control of their larvae [18]. The immature stages of mosquitoes are restricted to aquatic habitats as compared to the adult flying mosquitoes and can't escape readily from mosquito control technique [20].
The result of the survey showed that culex spp. had a higher preference to breed in domestic and industrial area. This is observed in their high abundance. Anopheles spp. was found to have high abundance in the mechanic dumping site due to the fact that, the dump site was very close to residential homes where waste water was always disposed [22]. In the other hand Aedes spp. was found to have the least abundance in the three studied area. Greater numbers of larva were found in stagnant water than that of the induced container and also the ration of female to male was 2:1.
This result was in agreement with the findings of Simon-Oke et al; [33] in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Although the authors observed that culex and Aedes have dominance in the area. On the contrary, Minakawa et al, [23] and Adeleke [4] in their findings on thespatial distribution and habitat characterization of Anopheline mosquito larvae in Western Kenya and Ikene, Ogun State, Nigeria repectively, observed that Anopheles was generally predominant. Likewise Adebote et al. [2] and Afolabi et al, [6] observed that Aedes mosquito was the most predominant in their findings in Zaria.
The abundance of culicine and anopheline mosquito species may be as a result of their ability to survive in diverse environment as previously reported by Dondorp et al, [12]. The species richness of some of the mosquitoes suggest that the environment condition in these ecosystems were complex and favourable to support the continual breeding and survival of these vectors as also observed by Adeleke et al, [4].
The low population of Anopheles species caught in industrial dumping site and domestic dumping site may be due to the preference of the females to clear water for oviposition. Larvae of Anopheles preferred clear, fresh seepage water in sunlight or partially shaded pools [15]. The high abundance of culex in the two habitats is comparably in accordance with the findings of Usip and Ibanga [36] and contrast with the report of Onyido et al, [26].