This article deals with the practice of extra-agricultural activities in Folona, Mali. The main objective is to determine the link between migration and local non-agricultural diversification. Based on the estimation of a multivariate tobit model, we characterized the link between the two social phenomena. The estimate shows that there is simultaneity between migration and local non-agricultural diversification. The migration ratio has a negative and significant impact on the ratio of local non-agricultural diversification. The increase in the number of migrants in the household discourages the practice of local non-agricultural diversification in order to support agricultural production.
| [1] | Cissé P., Zorom, M., Barbier, B., Maïga, A. (2010). Les migrations, une Stratégie d’Adaptation à la Variabilité Climatiques en Zone Sahélienne, RGLL, N°08. |
| [2] | Gubert, F., Lassourd T., Mesplé-Somps S. (2010). Transferts de fonds des migrants, pauvreté et inégalités au Mali Analyse à partir de trois scénarios contrefactuels Revue économique, 6 (Vol. 61) Pages: 184. |
| [3] | Norman, D.W., (1973). Economic Analys of Agricultural Production and Labor Utilization among the Hausa in the North of Nigeria, African Rural Employment Paper N°4, Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University. |
| [4] | Reardon, T., Delgado, C., Malton, P. (1992). Determinants and effects of Income Diversification amongst Farm Households in Burkina Faso, Journal of Development Studies 28: 264-296.View Article |
| [5] | Webb, P. and Reardon, T. (1992). Drought Impact and Household Response in East and West Africa, Quartely Journal International Agriculture, 31 (3). |
| [6] | Reardon, T., Fall, A. A., Kelly, V., Delgado, C., Malton, P., Hopkins, J., Badiane, O. (1993). Agriculture-Led Income Diversification in the West African Semi-Arid Tropics: Nature, Distribution and Importance of Production Linkage Activities, chapter in Forth coming book African Economic Issues, ed. by A. Astain, S. Wangwe and A. G. Drabek. |
| [7] | Barret, C. B. and Arcese, P. (1998). Wildlife Harvest in Integrated Conservation and Development Project: Linking Harvest to Household Demand, Agricultural Production and Environmental Shocks in the Serengeti, Land Economics, 74. |
| [8] | Barrett, C. B., Reardon, T., Webb, P. (2001): Nonfarm income diversification and household livelihood strategies in rural Africa: concepts, dynamics, and policy complications, Food Policy 26, no.4: 315-331.View Article |
| [9] | OCDE, (2009). Le Rôle de l’Agriculture et la Diversification des Ménages Agricoles dans l’Économie des Zones Rurales : État des Lieux et Conséquences Initiales pour l’Action Publique, OCDE, Paris. |
| [10] | Cervantes-Godoy, D., Kimura, S. and Antón, J. (2013): Smallholder Risk Management in Developing Countries, OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, No.61, OECD, http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k452k28wljl-enAshok. |
| [11] | Porter, C. (2012). Shocks, Consumption and Income Diversification in Rural Ethiopia, Journal of Development Studies, 48:9, 1209-1222.View Article |
| [12] | Skoufias E, Quisumbing AR (2003). Consumption insurance and vulnerability to poverty: A synthesis of the evidence from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Mali, Mexico and Russia, FCND Discussion paper n° 155 |
| [13] | Azam, J. P., Gubert, F. (2004). Those in Kayes : The Impact of Remittances on their Recipients in Africa, mimeos University of Toulouse. |
| [14] | Azam, J. P., Gubert, F. (2006). Migrant’s Remittances and the Household in Africa: A Review of Evidence, EUDN/WP 03-2006, http://www.eudnet.net/download/EUDN2006_03.pdf. |
| [15] | Traoré, B (2004) : Impact des transferts des migrants de l’Europe sur le bien-être économique : cas de la région de Kayes au Mali. Mémoire de DEA, UFR/SEG Ouaga, PTCI. |
| [16] | Rozelle, S., Taylor, J. E., De Brauw, A. (1999). Migration, remittances and agricultural productivity in China, The American Economic Review 89, n°. 2: 287-291.View Article |
| [17] | Taylor, J. E., Rozelle, S., De Brauw, A. (2003). Migration and Incomes in Source communities: A New Economic of Migration Perspective from China, Economic Development and Cultural Change 52, n°1: 75-101.View Article |
| [18] | Murdoch, J. (1995). Income smoothing and consumption smoothing. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(3), 103-114.View Article |
| [19] | Reardon, T., Matlon, P., Delgado, C. (1988). Coping with Household- level Food Insecurity in Drought- affected Areas of Burkina Faso, World Development. 16, no. 9 : 1065- 1074.View Article |
| [20] | Barrett, C. B. and Reardon, T. (2000): Asset, Activity, and Income Diversifications Among African Agriculturalist: Some Practical Issues, project report to USAID BASIS CRSP. |
| [21] | Lay, J., Narloch, U., and Mahmoud, T. O. (2009). Shocks, Structural Change, and the Patterns of Income Diversification in Burkina Faso, African Development Review, V. 21.View Article |
| [22] | Thiombiano, T. (2002). Économétrie des modèles dynamiques. Ed. L’Harmattan, Paris. |
| [23] | Arias, C and Cox T. (2001). Estimation of a US diary sector model by maximum simulated likelihood. Applied Economics, 33(9), 1201-1211.View Article |
| [24] | Deng Q. and Xue J. (2014). ”Multivariate tobit system estimation of education expenditure in urban China”, The Singapore Economic Review Vol. 59, N°. 01View Article |
| [25] | Takeshi Amemiya, (1974). Multivariate Regression and Simultaneous Equation Models when the Dependent Variables Are Truncated Normal, Econometrica, Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 999-1012.View Article |
| [26] | Maddala, G. S., (1999). Limited-Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 205-208. |
| [27] | Barslund M., (2007). "MVTOBIT: Stata module to calculate multivariate tobit models by simulated maximum likelihood (SML)," Statistical Software Components S456875, Boston College Department of Economics, revised 03 Jul 2015. |
| [28] | Sakho-Jimbira, M. S. (2008). L’autonomie alimentaire par la diversification des activités: le cas des ménages agricoles du Bassin arachidier au Sénégal, thèse de doctorat, Université de Montpellier 1. |
| [29] | Reardon, T., Berdegué, J., Barrett, C. B. Stamoulis, K. (2006). Household Income Diversification into Rural Nonfarm Activities, ed. P. H. a. T. R. Forthcoming in Steven Haggblade, editors. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press. |
| [30] | Taylor, J. E., Yunez-Naude, A. (2000). The Returns from Schooling in a Diversified Rural Economy, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 82:287-297.View Article |
| [31] | Abdulai, A., Delgado, C. L. (1999). Determinants of Nonfarm Earnings of Farm-based Husbands and Wives in Northern Ghana, American Journal of Agriculture Economics 81 (1): 117-130.View Article |
| [32] | Abdulai, A.; Crole-Rees, A. (2001). Determinants of income diversification amongst rural households in Southern Mali, Food Policy 26, no. 4: 437-452.View Article |
| [33] | Wouterse, F. S., Taylor, J. E. (2008). Migration and Income Diversification: Evidence from Burkina Faso, World Development 36 (4): 625-640.View Article |
| [34] | Stark, O., Levhari, D. (1982). On Migration and Risk in LDC's., Economic Development and Cultural Change, 31, no.1: 191-196.View Article |
| [35] | Taylor, J. E., Wyatt, T. J. (1996). The shadow value of migrant remittances, income and inequality in a household, The Journal of Development Studies 32, n°.6: 899-912.View Article |
| [36] | Lucas, R.E.B. (1997). Internal Migration in Developing Countries, In. Handbook of Population and Family Economics, ed. O.S. Mark R. Rosenzweig, vol. 1B.View Article |
| [37] | Massey, D. S. (1999). International Migration at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century: The Role of the State, Population and Development Review 25, no. 2: 303-322.View Article |
| [38] | Delattre, E., Sabatier, M. (2011). Santé et parcours professionnel: l’impact des inégalités sociales, Note de recherche n° 11-25. |
| [39] | Cappellari, L & Jenkins, S.P., (2006). Calculation of multivariate normal probabilities by simulation, with applications to maximum simulated likelihood estimation, The Stata Journal 6, pp. 156-189.View Article |
| [40] | Train, K (2003). Discrete Choice Methods with Simulation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.View Article |
| [41] | Ndioune, B., Lalou, R. (2005). Tendances récentes des migrations internationales dans le Sénégal urbain : existe-t-il une dynamique de quartier ? Les exemples de Dakar, Touba et Kaolack, Série Migrations, dynamiques démographiques et environnement, Novembre 2005, 30. |
| [42] | Arouri M. and Nguyen C. V. (2018). “Does International Migration Affect Labor Supply, Non-farm Diversification and Welfare of Households? Evidence from Egypt”, International Migration, Vol. 56 (1) ISSN 0020-7985, p 39-62 |
| [43] | Gubert, F. (2000). Migration, Remittances and Moral Hazard. Evidence from the Kayes Area, CERDI, Etudes et Documentation 200-17, 32p. |
| [44] | Steven T. Yen, Biing-Hwan Lin and David M. Smallwood, (2003). Quasi- and Simulated-Likelihood Approaches to Censored Demand Systems: Food Consumption by Food Stamp Recipients in the United State, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 85, No. 2, pp. 458-478.View Article |
