Figure 5. Mean (± SD) IFN-γ and IL-4 optical densities (630nm) of BALB/c mice over 10 days of the experimental period. Groups of mice were infected with either L. donovani or L. donovani- P. berghei and their IFN-γ/ IL-4 optical densities taken on day 0 and each day from the 4^th day post co-infection. There was a steady decrease in IFN-γ responses in L. donovani only while P. berghei only infected mice registered a peak in mean IFN-γ levels on day 6 post co-infection. The mean IL-4 OD levels increased significantly in L. donovani and P. berghei only infected mice during the experimental period. Compare red rectangle with red line for L. donovani IL-4/IFN-γ responses, green rectangle with green line for L. donovani- P. berghei co-infected mice IL-4/ IFN-γ responses and black rectangle with black line for IL-4/ IFN-γ responses to P. berghei in P. berghei only infected mice group

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Concomitant Infection with Leishmania donovani and Plasmodium berghei Causes Pro-inflammatory Polarization Resulting in Malaria Exacerbation in BALB/c Mice

Rebeccah. M. Ayako, Joshua. M. Mutiso, John. C. Macharia, David Langoi, Lucy Ochola

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