1Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine- Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
2Animal Eye Care LLC, Bellingham WA, USA
3Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
4Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
Two dog cases with history of recurrent bacterial conjunctivitis were submitted to Purdue University for bacterial culture and sensitivity testing. The bacterial cultures were also tested for their ability to form a biofilm. Biofilm forming Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was isolated from the two cases and identified by Vitek2 and PCR analysis. The bacterial antibiotic sensitivity testing revealed that Isolate one was susceptible to ticarcillin, ceftiofur, cefazolin, moxifloxacin, amikacin and rifampicin with MICs ranging 0.03125-4 μg/ml. Isolate two was susceptible to ceftiofur, gatifloxacin, cefazolin, moxifloxacin, tetracycline, doxycycline and rifampicin with MICs ranging <0.0625–4 μg/ml. Meanwhile, the biofilm antibiotic sensitivity testing revealed that Isolate one biofilm was resistant to all antibiotics except for ceftiofur and moxifloxacin with MICs <0.25 and 8 μg/ml respectively. Isolate two biofilm was resistant to all antibiotics except for tetracycline, amikacin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol and rifampicin with MICs ranged from <0.125 to 8 μg/ml. Case one was resolved with topical cefazolin therapy. Meanwhile case two showed complete recovery after treated with topical levofloxacin plus oral doxycycline.
| [1] | Bannoehr, J. and Guardabassi, L, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in the dog: taxonomy, diagnostics, ecology, epidemiology and pathogenicity, Vet Dermatol, 23(4): 253-66. 2012.View Article |
| [2] | Devriese, L.A., Hermans, K., Baele, M. and Haesebrouck, F, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius versus Staphylococcus intermedius, Vet Microbiol, 133: 206-7. 2009. |
| [3] | Garbacz, K., Zarnowska, S., Piechowicz, L. and Haras, K, Pathogenicity potential of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains isolated from canine carriers and from dogs with infection signs, Virulence, 4: 255-9. 2013.View Article |
| [4] | Tanabe, T., Toyoguchi, M., Hirano, F., Chiba, M., Onuma, K. and Sato, H, Prevalence of staphylococcal enterotoxins in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from dogs with pyoderma and healthy dogs, Microbiol Immunol, 57: 651-4. 2013.View Article |
| [5] | van Duijkeren, E., Catry, B., Greko, C., Moreno, M.A., Pomba, M.C. and Pyörälä, S, Scientific Advisory Group on Antimicrobials (SAGAM): review on methicillin resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, J Antimicrob Chemother, 66: 2705-14. 2011. |
| [6] | Osland, A.M., Vestby, L.K., Fanuelsen, H., Slettemeås, J.S. and Sunde, M, Clonal diversity and biofilm-forming ability of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, J Antimicrob Chemother, 67: 841-8. 2012.View Article |
| [7] | Singh, A., Walker, M., Rousseau, J. and Weese, J.S, Characterization of the biofilm forming ability of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from dogs, BMC Vet Res, 9: 93. 2013.View Article |
| [8] | Mohamed, M.F., et al., Antibacterial Activity of Novel Cationic Peptides against Clinical Isolates of Multi-Drug Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from Infected Dogs, Plos One, 9(12). 2014.View Article |
| [9] | Simmon, K.E., Croft, A.C. and Petti, C, a. Application of SmartGene IDNS software to partial 16S rRNA gene sequences for a diverse group of bacteria in a clinical laboratory, J Clin Microbiol, 44(12): 4400-4406. 2006.View Article |
| [10] | Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute/NCCLS. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated from Animals; Approved Standard. 3rd ed. CLSI document M31-A3, Wayne, PA. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2008. |
| [11] | Stepanovic, S., Vukovic, D., Hola, V., Di Bonaventura, G., Djukic, S. and Cirkovic, I, Quantification of biofilm in microtiter plates: overview of testing conditions and practical recommendations for assessment of biofilm production by staphylococci, APMIS, 115: 891-9. 2007.View Article |
| [12] | Kang, M., Min-Joo Chae, Jang-Won Yoon, So-Young Lee, Jong-Hyun Yoo, and Hee-Myung Park, Resistance to fluoroquinolones and methicillin in ophthalmic isolates of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from companion animals, Can Vet J, 55(7): 678-682. 2014.View Article |
| [13] | Ruzauskas, M., Couto, N., Pavilonis, A., Klimiene, I., Siugzdiniene, R., Virgailis, M., Vaskeviciute, L., Anskiene, L. and Pomba, C, Characterization of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from diseased dogs in Lithuania, Pol J Vet Sci, 19(1): 7-14. 2016.View Article |
| [14] | Prado, M.R., Rocha, M.F., Brito, E.H., Girão, M.D., Monteiro, A.J. and Teixeira, M.F, Survey of bacterial microorganisms in the conjunctival sac of clinically normal dogs and dogs with ulcerative keratitis in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, Vet Ophthalmol, 8: 33-7. 2005.View Article |
| [15] | Varges, R., Penna, B., Martins, G., Martins, R. and Lilenbaum, W, Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococci isolated from naturally occurring canine external ocular diseases, Vet Ophthalmol, 12: 216-20. 2009.View Article |
| [16] | Zegans, M.E., Becker, H.I., Budzik, J. and O’Toole, G, The role of bacterial biofilms in ocular infections, DNA Cell Biol, 21: 415-20. 2002.View Article |
| [17] | Falagas, M.E., Grammatikos, A.P. and Michalopoulos, A, Potential of old-generation antibiotics to address current need for new antibiotics, Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 6: 593-600. 2008.View Article |
| [18] | Mishima, S, Clinical pharmacokinetics of the eye, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 21: 504-541. 1981.View Article |
| [19] | Shell, J.W, Pharmacokinetics of topically applied ophthalmic drugs, Surv Ophthalmol, 26: 207-218. 1982.View Article |
| [20] | Pompilio, A., De Nicola, S., Crocetta, V., Guarnieri, S., Savini, V., Carretto, E. and Di Bonaventura, G, New insights in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius pathogenicity: antibiotic-resistant biofilm formation by a human wound-associated strain, BMC Microbiology, 15: 109. 2015.View Article |
| [21] | Pawar, P., Katara, R., Mishra, S. and Majumdar, D.K, Topical ocular delivery of fluoroquinolones, Expert Opin Drug Deliv, 10: 691-711. 2013.View Article |
| [22] | Kowalski, R.P., Pandya, A.N. and Karenchak, L.M, An in vitro resistance study of levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin using keratitis isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ophthalmology, 108: 1826-1829. 2001.View Article |
