Design for a Micro Strip Line Fed I Shaped Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Milimeter Wave Application

Requirement of antenna is essential in communication to transfer signals for various application. Different frequency range like the WLAN, WiMax, Ku-band, K-band, Ka-band, etc. in the world of communication has its arrangement. Microwave and satellite communication need higher range of frequencies for operation. Here, we have modelled a multi-band micro strip antenna for Ka band (26.5GHz-40GHz). The modelled antenna is simulated in Computer Simulated Technology. We observed that VSWR of the proposed antenna is below 2dB in entire frequency range of 30.8 GHz to 39 GHz. The designed antenna is simulated and a return loss of -10db result is found out, which is in a range of 26.5GHz-40GHz.


Motivation
Satellite communication and wireless communication has been developing rapidly in the past decades. Also, it has been as of now an emotional effect on human life. In the couple of years, the advancement of remote neighborhood (WLAN) spoke to one of the key interests in the data and correspondence felid. The urgent segment of remote system or gadgets is radio wire. Very soon, our urban communities will be overflowed with receiving wire which has high proficient, low profile and little estimated .so dielectric resonator reception apparatus has gained an incredible ground in late year, as contrasted and customary radio wires. DRA have qualities like minimal effort and low profile which ends up being appropriate for WLAN/WI-MAX applications frameworks. The primary inspiration of this work is presently day, mobile correspondence frameworks are ending up progressively popular. Antennas for programming characterized and reconfigurable radio frameworks need ultra-wide band or multi-band attributes so as to be sufficiently adaptable to cover any conceivable future versatile correspondence recurrence bands. One way to deal with give such adaptability is to be build multiband reception apparatus that works over explicit narrowband frequencies. However, it would be very hard to precisely accomplish the recurrence prerequisites of all future correspondence system. Alternatively, a little wide band receiving wire that covers a wide scope of frequencies can be a decent hopeful for flow multi-band applications as well as for future correspondence frameworks working on new recurrence groups with data transmissions.
Requirements for the computerized home incorporate rapid information exchange for mixed media content, short-territory availability for exchange to different gadget  Satellite correspondence framework  Radar and imaging  Medical applications  Location and following  Low information rate and low power UWB correspondences.

Purpose
As Satellite technology is developing enormously, designs has been developed for various satellite frequency band which is not only used for radio applications but also can be used in an astronomical applications, weather forecasting, broadcast, mapping, and many other applications.
With the increase in number of satellites, congestion has become a serious issue in the lower frequency ranges .So, new technologies are being discovered so that higher frequency bands can be used.
The higher frequency range for satellite communications is called the Ka-band which lies between 26.5GHz to 40.0GHz. Ka-band is being primarily used for satellite communications, mainly as the downlink used by direct broadcast satellites to broadcast satellite television, and for specific applications.

Scope
Millimeter wave dielectric resonator antenna can for the application of 5G network connection in future.

Applicability
This type of antenna has been used and designed to operate in the Ka band which is used for satellite communication.

Problem Statement
To design a dielectric resonator antenna that will very small in size, light in weight and easy for installation. We have designed dielectric resonator antenna for Ka-band applications that can be used in satellite, aircraft and military applications. This antenna is designed using CST MWS software.

Project Specification
We have executed the dielectric resonator receiving wire utilizing CST programming. An arrival loss of -10.0db is found which is in the scope of 26.50 GHz to 40 GHz. In this structure of data transfer capacity improvement of 24.36% has been achieved. From Figure 2 VSWR of the DRA is underneath 2 in the whole recurrence run 30.58 GHz to 39 GHz. This arrival misfortune speaks to how much influence is reflected from the radio wires and subsequently is known as the reflection coefficient. The VSWR is a surely understood sign of how great the impedance coordinate is. A high VSWR means that the flag is reflected preceding being emanated by the antenna. The increase of receiving wires is 10.9 dBi .Antennae gain depicts how much power is transmitted in the pinnacle course radiation to that of isotropic source. Directivity of reception apparatuses is 10.24 dbi at 35.46 GHZ recurrence range. Directivity is the proportion of how directional a radio wires' radiation design is.
A dielectric resonator antenna usually is an antenna fabricated used at microwave frequencies and higher. A dielectric resonator antenna consists of a patch of ceramic material of various shapes. It is placed on a metallic surface known as ground plane. Common microstrip antenna shapes are square, rectangular, cylindrical and elliptical.
Dielectric resonator antennas have become very popular in recent decades due to their its high efficiency which can be incorporated into the surfaces of consumer products, aircraft and satellite, their ease of fabrication and the advantage of fractional bandwidth makes them active antenna.
Among the various types of antenna used today, satellite antennas are in a huge demand on this date. As the scientists want to know more and more about the world outside earth, we need more and more satellite antennas for better communication. This modelled antenna which works in the ka-band can be used for various purposes.

System Design
Dielectric resonator antennas have become very popular in recent decades due to their thin planar profile which can be incorporated into the surfaces of consumer products, aircraft and microwave filter. The basic design of a Dielectric resonator antenna constitutes Ground plane: serves as a reflecting surface for radio waves. The ground plane also increases the directivity and maintains the radiating pattern.
Dielectric Substrate: Substrate is a base on which dielectric resonator antenna is fabricated and it plays important role in the antenna's functioning. With the increase in thickness of the substrate, the fringing increases which decreases the resonating frequency of the antenna (the fringing fields produce the radiation of the dielectric resonator antenna).Substrate (dielectrics) are used for improved electrical and mechanical stability. Hence, a substrate can enhance antenna's radiation capability.
Patch: Patch is responsible for radiation. Slots in the patch enable us to design dielectric resonator antenna with improved bandwidth and efficiency. The bandwidth and the resonating frequency of the antenna depends on the size of the slots and also on the distance between them.

Line feeding technique:
There are several techniques available to feed or transmit the electromagnetic energy to a dielectric resonator antenna.
The four most popular feed techniques used are:  microstrip line (contacting scheme)  coaxial probe (both contacting scheme)  aperture coupling (non-contacting scheme)  proximity coupling (non-contacting scheme).  Microstrip line feed is a conducting strip is connected directly to the edge of the microstrip patch. The conducting strip is smaller in width as compared to the patch. This kind of feed arrangement has the advantage that the feed can be etched on the same substrate to provide a planar structure. An inset cut can be incorporated into the patch in order to obtain good impedance matching without the need for any additional matching element. It provides ease of fabrication and simplicity in modeling as well as impedance matching.
Coaxial probe: The main advantage of this type of feeding scheme is that the feed can be placed at any desired position inside the patch in order to obtain impedance matching. This feed method is easy to fabricate and has low spurious radiation effects. However, its major disadvantage is that it provides narrow bandwidth and is difficult to model since a hole has to be drilled into the substrate.
Aperture coupling: It is difficult to fabricate due to multiple layers, which also increases the antenna thickness.
Proximity coupling: the feed line is between the two substrates and the radiating patch is on top of the upper substrate.

Architecture
For huge numbers of the current and developing correspondence applications, wide band radio wire activity is alluring to suit the expanding information rates required for administrations, for example, video conferencing, direct computerized broadcast, EHF versatile satellite interchanges, nearby multipoint interchanges, and indoor remote. A portion of these necessities might be met by existing printed radio wire innovation, yet with the additional expense and unpredictability related with multi-layer arrangements required for accomplishing wide data transmissions. This area shows some novel DRAs of moderately basic design, which has shown wide-band execution, and may fill in as reasonable reception apparatus contender for these different applications.
The dielectric resonator antenna constitutes a ground plane, a substrate, a patch and a feeding technique .We can also slot the patch if required.
Width of the patch: Ground Plane Length and Width: Input Impedance:

Component Design
The antenna can be easily used as copper, silver, gold, etc. Here we choose copper because the material is cheap, it has a high conductivity and is easy.
The substrate is a layer between the ground and the patch. The properties of the substrates as dielectric constant, such as tangent of losses, affect the characteristics of this antenna. As we are designing a high frequency antenna, it is better to take the FR-4 substrate.
An antenna patch is made up of copper, which is very conductive, flexible and ductile. Malachite properties square, rectangular, cylindrical, elliptical, etc.

Implementation
The designed antenna has the following dimensions:

Figure-5. Geometry of proposed I shaped DRA
The simulated antenna is simulated and below -10 dB return loss is achieved between 30.58 GHz and 39 GHz.
The design antenna can be used to apply satellite communications, radio positioning and weapons and detection of dangerous materials. This design is for the Ka team (26.5-40 GHz). In satellite communications, the bandwidth offers more bandwidth. The simulated returnloss loss of I-shaped D is represented by the frequency shown in the figure.

Testing Criterions
The proposed antenna is simulated and the loss of the -10db return is achieved between 30.58 GHz and 39GHz. There is a good loss of return with the value of both devices -21db to 31.54 GHz and -22db value. 35.39GHz. In this design, 24.36% broadband improvement has been achieved. In addition, the efficiency of 72.88% is 35.39 GHz and 62% 31.54 GHz. The design is aimed at the bandwidth (26.5-40 GHz). In satellite communications, the band has broadband communications. It allows relieving signal conditions in rain. This design, especially for satellites UPLINK frequencies (31 GHz). Communication from the Uplink terrestrial terminal to a satellite communication connection ("aerotransport platform") to a satellite. The frequent I-shape is shown in the simulated image of the loss of return proposed by the DRA.  Voltage Standing Wave Ratio: The ratio of the voltage ratio (VSWR) is a good parity between the impending impedance. VSWR is set as SWR. The VSWR antenna does not come up sooner than before. VSWR and the same imbalance as is the case with the same thing.The image proposes the simulation voltage relationship simulation (VSWR).
We have highlighted the antenna VSWR with 2 full frequency 30.8 GHz and 39 GHz.
Radiation directivity, gain patterns: The peak gain of antenna is 10.9dbi at 35.39 GHz. It is observed from figure that the simulated peak directivity is 10.2 dBi at 31.5 GHz frequency range. In addition to that a total efficiency of 72.88% is found at 31.5 Ghz and 69% is found at GHz.  Efficiency: After reviewing the researched paper techniques towards upgrading the overall performance of Micro strip patch antenna has been seen that there are many techniques with significant contribution.
However there are many pitfalls in the existing techniques too which give rise of various forms of unsolved questions.

Challenges
There is a little variation in the parameters studied in simulation process and results obtained after fabrication process. After fabrication of antenna, antenna radiates in the atmosphere. At the time of radiation of antenna, there are many metallic objects present in the environment which affects the propagation of electromagnetic waves. Due to these objects, reflections of EM waves take place. This leads to the variation in radiation pattern of antenna. Thus, we get variation in the antenna characteristics. The differences in the results after fabrication can also have a reason of manufacturing defects. It may contain impurities present in the material used for antenna fabrication. Also the environmental conditions like humidity; high temperature affects the charge distribution of patch which affects the characteristics of an antenna.

Conclusion
A dielectric antenna with slot has been modelled for ka-band applications. The proposed antenna parameters have been performed experimentally in CST MICROWAVE STUDIO and has been successfully validated. The effects of varying the distance between the two slots have been studied. The outcome of the proposed antenna makes it appropriate for use in ka-band applications (as it resonates between 26.5GHz and 40GHz) which means for satellite communications.
At present, wearable textile antennas are under testing which can be used to constantly monitor the biometric data of the human body.

Future Work
Future work can be reached out by thinking about execution of improvement strategies or the DR radio wires. Some diagnostic models are required to get an unmistakable thought of attributes of radio wire. Great manufacture strategies ought to be pursued to limit the deliberate mistakes. Further work can be completed for various applications with various DRA structures and with various dielectric materials to fulfill the developing needs in the field of media transmission in present pattern.