Figure 3.8. Taken from Table 1, Adfreeze strength of piles in ice with varying loading rates, Adfreeze strength of model piles in ice. Canadian Geotech. J. Vol. 18. [10], 1981.

From

Adfreeze Forces on Lightly Loaded Pile Foundations of Solar PV Farms in Cold Regions

Kibriya T., Tahir L.

American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture. 2015, 3(4), 109-117 doi:10.12691/ajcea-3-4-1