Figure 4. RC columns modelling strategies with indication of the integration points: a) distributed inelasticity element with displacement-based formulation; b) distributed inelasticity element with force-based formulation; c) lumped-plasticity element

From

Numerical Modelling of RC Columns Subjected to Biaxial Horizontal Loading and Variable Axial Load

André Furtado, Hugo Rodrigues, António Arêde

American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture. 2015, 3(1), 28-38 doi:10.12691/ajcea-3-1-5